git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order starting at the given commit(s), taking ancestry relationship into account. This is useful to produce human-readable log output.
Commits which are stated with a preceding ^ cause listing to stop at that point. Their parents are implied. Thus the following command:
$ git-rev-list foo bar ^baz
means "list all the commits which are included in foo and bar, but not in baz".
A special notation "<commit1>..<commit2>" can be used as a short-hand for "^<commit1> <commit2>". For example, either of the following may be used interchangeably:
$ git-rev-list origin..HEAD $ git-rev-list HEAD ^origin
Another special notation is "<commit1>…<commit2>" which is useful for merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent:
$ git-rev-list A B --not $(git-merge-base --all A B) $ git-rev-list A...B
git-rev-list(1) is a very essential git program, since it provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For this reason, it has a lot of different options that enables it to be used by commands as different as git-bisect(1) and git-repack(1).
Using these options, git-rev-list(1) will act similar to the more specialized family of commit log tools: git-log(1), git-show(1), and git-whatchanged(1)
Pretty print the contents of the commit logs in a given format, where <format> can be one of oneline, short, medium, full, fuller, email, raw and format:<string>. When left out the format default to medium.
The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message in their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF-8.
Synonym for --date=relative.
Only takes effect for dates shown in human-readable format, such as when using "--pretty".
--date=relative shows dates relative to the current time, e.g. "2 hours ago".
--date=local shows timestamps in user's local timezone.
--date=default shows timestamps in the original timezone (either committer's or author's).
Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is separated with a NUL character.
Print the parents of the commit.
Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from. Commits from the left side are prefixed with < and those from the right with >. If combined with --boundary, those commits are prefixed with -.
For example, if you have this topology:
y---b---b branch B / \ / / . / / \ o---x---a---a branch A
you would get an output line this:
$ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B >bbbbbbb... 3rd on b >bbbbbbb... 2nd on b <aaaaaaa... 3rd on a <aaaaaaa... 2nd on a -yyyyyyy... 1st on b -xxxxxxx... 1st on a
Below are listed options that control the formatting of diff output. Some of them are specific to git-rev-list(1), however other diff options may be given. See git-diff-files(1) for more options.
This flag changes the way a merge commit is displayed. It shows the differences from each of the parents to the merge result simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists only files which were modified from all parents.
This flag implies the -c options and further compresses the patch output by omitting hunks that show differences from only one parent, or show the same change from all but one parent for an Octopus merge.
Show recursive diffs.
Show the tree objects in the diff output. This implies -r.
Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the special notations explained in the description, additional commit limiting may be applied.
Limit the number of commits output.
Skip number commits before starting to show the commit output.
Show commits more recent than a specific date.
Show commits older than a specific date.
Limit the commits output to specified time range.
Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer header lines that match the specified pattern (regular expression).
Limit the commits output to ones with log message that matches the specified pattern (regular expression).
Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.
Do not print commits with more than one parent.
Reverses the meaning of the ^ prefix (or lack thereof) for all following revision specifiers, up to the next --not.
Pretend as if all the refs in $GIT_DIR/refs/ are listed on the command line as <commit>.
In addition to the <commit> listed on the command line, read them from the standard input.
Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
another commit on the "other side" when the set of
commits are limited with symmetric difference.
For example, if you have two branches, A and B, a usual way
to list all commits on only one side of them is with
--left-right, like the example above in the description of
that option. It however shows the commits that were cherry-picked
from the other branch (for example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked
from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
excluded from the output.
Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
exclude (that is, ^commit, commit1..commit2,
nor commit1…commit2 notations cannot be used).
With --pretty format other than oneline (for obvious reasons),
this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
used in the output. When the starting commit is specified as
instead. Under --pretty=oneline, the commit message is
prefixed with this information on the same line.
After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a conflict and don't exist on all heads to merge.
Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually not shown.
When optional paths are given, the default behaviour (--dense) is to only output commits that changes at least one of them, and also ignore merges that do not touch the given paths.
Use the --sparse flag to makes the command output all eligible commits (still subject to count and age limitation), but apply merge simplification nevertheless.
Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway between the included and excluded commits. Thus, if
$ git-rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz
outputs midpoint, the output of the two commands
$ git-rev-list foo ^midpoint $ git-rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz
would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length one.
This calculates the same as --bisect, but outputs text ready to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of the midpoint revision to the variable bisect_rev, and the expected number of commits to be tested after bisect_rev is tested to bisect_nr, the expected number of commits to be tested if bisect_rev turns out to be good to bisect_good, the expected number of commits to be tested if bisect_rev turns out to be bad to bisect_bad, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to bisect_all.
By default, the commits are shown in reverse chronological order.
This option makes them appear in topological order (i.e. descendant commits are shown before their parents).
This option is similar to --topo-order in the sense that no parent comes before all of its children, but otherwise things are still ordered in the commit timestamp order.
Output the commits in reverse order.
These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories.
Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed commits. git-rev-list --objects foo ^bar thus means "send me all object IDs which I need to download if I have the commit object bar, but not foo".
Similar to --objects, but also print the IDs of excluded commits prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by git-pack-objects(1) to build "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based on objects contained in these excluded commits to reduce network traffic.
Only useful with --objects; print the object IDs that are not in packs.
If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline, email or raw, an additional line is inserted before the Author: line. This line begins with "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested in changes related to a certain directory or file.
Here are some additional details for each format:
oneline
<sha1> <title line>
This is designed to be as compact as possible.
short
commit <sha1> Author: <author>
<title line>
medium
commit <sha1> Author: <author> Date: <date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
full
commit <sha1> Author: <author> Commit: <committer>
<title line>
<full commit message>
fuller
commit <sha1> Author: <author> AuthorDate: <date & time> Commit: <committer> CommitDate: <date & time>
<title line>
<full commit message>
From <sha1> <date> From: <author> Date: <date & time> Subject: [PATCH] <title line>
<full commit message>
raw
The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and parents information show the true parent commits, without taking grafts nor history simplification into account.
format:
The format: format allows you to specify which information you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable exception that you get a newline with %n instead of \n.
E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n" would show something like this:
The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<
The placeholders are:
%H: commit hash
%h: abbreviated commit hash
%T: tree hash
%t: abbreviated tree hash
%P: parent hashes
%p: abbreviated parent hashes
%an: author name
%ae: author email
%ad: author date
%aD: author date, RFC2822 style
%ar: author date, relative
%at: author date, UNIX timestamp
%cn: committer name
%ce: committer email
%cd: committer date
%cD: committer date, RFC2822 style
%cr: committer date, relative
%ct: committer date, UNIX timestamp
%e: encoding
%s: subject
%b: body
%Cred: switch color to red
%Cgreen: switch color to green
%Cblue: switch color to blue
%Creset: reset color
%m: left, right or boundary mark
%n: newline
Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano, Jonas Fonseca and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
Part of the git(7) suite