Boolean Polynomials
Elements of the quotient ring
are called boolean polynomials. Boolean polynomials arise naturally in cryptography, coding theory, formal logic, chip design and other areas. This implementation is a thin wrapper around the PolyBoRi library by Michael Brickenstein and Alexander Dreyer.
“Boolean polynomials can be modelled in a rather simple way, with
both coefficients and degree per variable lying in
{0, 1}. The ring of Boolean polynomials is, however,
not a polynomial ring, but rather the quotient ring of the
polynomial ring over the field with two elements modulo the field
equations for each variable
. Therefore,
the usual polynomial data structures seem not to be appropriate for
fast Groebner basis computations. We introduce a specialised data
structure for Boolean polynomials based on zero-suppressed binary
decision diagrams (ZDDs), which is capable of handling these
polynomials more efficiently with respect to memory consumption and
also computational speed. Furthermore, we concentrate on high-level
algorithmic aspects, taking into account the new data structures as
well as structural properties of Boolean polynomials.” - [BD07]
For details on the internal representation of polynomials see
AUTHORS:
EXAMPLES:
Consider the ideal
First, we compute the lexicographical Groebner basis in the polynomial ring
sage: P.<a,b,c,d,e> = PolynomialRing(GF(2), 5, order='lex')
sage: I1 = ideal([a*b + c*d + 1, a*c*e + d*e, a*b*e + c*e, b*c + c*d*e + 1])
sage: for f in I1.groebner_basis():
... f
a + c^2*d + c + d^2*e
b*c + d^3*e^2 + d^3*e + d^2*e^2 + d*e + e + 1
b*e + d*e^2 + d*e + e
c*e + d^3*e^2 + d^3*e + d^2*e^2 + d*e
d^4*e^2 + d^4*e + d^3*e + d^2*e^2 + d^2*e + d*e + e
If one wants to solve this system over the algebraic closure of
then this Groebner basis was the one to consider. If one
wants solutions over
only then one adds the field polynomials
to the ideal to force the solutions in
.
sage: J = I1 + sage.rings.ideal.FieldIdeal(P)
sage: for f in J.groebner_basis():
... f
a + d + 1
b + 1
c + 1
d^2 + d
e
So the solutions over are
and
.
We can express the restriction to by considering the quotient
ring. If
is an ideal in
then the
ideals in the quotient ring
are in
one-to-one correspondence with the ideals of
containing
(that is, the ideals
satisfying
).
sage: Q = P.quotient( sage.rings.ideal.FieldIdeal(P) )
sage: I2 = ideal([Q(f) for f in I1.gens()])
sage: for f in I2.groebner_basis():
... f
abar + dbar + 1
bbar + 1
cbar + 1
ebar
This quotient ring is exactly what PolyBoRi handles well:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e> = BooleanPolynomialRing(5, order='lex')
sage: I2 = ideal([B(f) for f in I1.gens()])
sage: for f in I2.groebner_basis():
... f
a + d + 1
b + 1
c + 1
e
Note that d^2 + d is not representable in B == Q. Also note, that PolyBoRi cannot play out its strength in such small examples, i.e. working in the polynomial ring might be faster for small examples like this.
PolyBoRi comes with a Python wrapper. However this wrapper does not match Sage’s style and is written using Boost. Thus Sage’s wrapper is a reimplementation of Python bindings to PolyBoRi’s C++ library. This interface is written in Cython like all of Sage’s C/C++ library interfaces. An interface in PolyBoRi style is also provided which is effectively a reimplementation of the official Boost wrapper in Cython. This means that some functionality of the official wrapper might be missing from this wrapper and this wrapper might have bugs not present in the official Python interface.
The re-implementation PolyBoRi’s native wrapper is available to the user too:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: declare_ring([Block('x',2),Block('y',3)],globals())
Boolean PolynomialRing in x0, x1, y0, y1, y2
sage: r
Boolean PolynomialRing in x0, x1, y0, y1, y2
sage: [Variable(i, r) for i in xrange(r.ngens())]
[x(0), x(1), y(0), y(1), y(2)]
For details on this interface see:
Also, the interface provides functions for compatibility with Sage accepting convenient Sage data types which are slower than their native PolyBoRi counterparts. For instance, sets of points can be represented as tuples of tuples (Sage) or as BooleSet (PolyBoRi) and naturally the second option is faster.
REFERENCES:
[BD07] | Michael Brickenstein, Alexander Dreyer; PolyBoRi: A Groebner basis framework for Boolean polynomials; pre-print available at http://www.itwm.fraunhofer.de/fileadmin/ITWM-Media/Zentral/Pdf/Berichte_ITWM/2007/bericht122.pdf |
Bases: object
Construct a boolean constant (modulo 2) from integer value:
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleConstant
sage: [BooleConstant(i) for i in range(5)]
[0, 1, 0, 1, 0]
Get degree of boolean constant.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleConstant
sage: BooleConstant(0).deg()
-1
sage: BooleConstant(1).deg()
0
This is true for for .
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleConstant
sage: BooleConstant(1).has_constant_part()
True
sage: BooleConstant(0).has_constant_part()
False
This is always true for in this case.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleConstant
sage: BooleConstant(1).is_constant()
True
sage: BooleConstant(0).is_constant()
True
Check whether boolean constant is one.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleConstant
sage: BooleConstant(0).is_one()
False
sage: BooleConstant(1).is_one()
True
Check whether boolean constant is zero.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleConstant
sage: BooleConstant(1).is_zero()
False
sage: BooleConstant(0).is_zero()
True
Get variables (return always and empty tuple).
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleConstant
sage: BooleConstant(0).variables()
()
sage: BooleConstant(1).variables()
()
Bases: object
Return a new set of boolean monomials. This data type is also implemented on the top of ZDDs and allows to see polynomials from a different angle. Also, it makes high-level set operations possible, which are in most cases faster than operations handling individual terms, because the complexity of the algorithms depends only on the structure of the diagrams.
Objects of type BooleanPolynomial can easily be converted to the type BooleSet by using the member function BooleanPolynomial.set().
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleSet
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: BS = BooleSet(a.set())
sage: BS
{{a}}
sage: BS = BooleSet((a*b + c + 1).set())
sage: BS
{{a,b}, {c}, {}}
sage: from polybori import *
sage: BooleSet([Monomial(B)])
{{}}
Note
BooleSet prints as {} but are not Python dictionaries.
Return the Cartesian product of this set and the set rhs.
The Cartesian product of two sets X and Y is the set of all possible ordered pairs whose first component is a member of X and whose second component is a member of Y.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{x1,x2}, {x2,x3}}
sage: g = x4 + 1
sage: t = g.set(); t
{{x4}, {}}
sage: s.cartesian_product(t)
{{x1,x2,x4}, {x1,x2}, {x2,x3,x4}, {x2,x3}}
Swaps the presence of x_i in each entry of the set.
EXAMPLE:
sage: P.<a,b,c> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: f = a+b
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{a}, {b}}
sage: s.change(0)
{{a,b}, {}}
sage: s.change(1)
{{a,b}, {}}
sage: s.change(2)
{{a,c}, {b,c}}
Return the set theoretic difference of this set and the set rhs.
The difference of two sets and
is defined as:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{x1,x2}, {x2,x3}}
sage: g = x2*x3 + 1
sage: t = g.set(); t
{{x2,x3}, {}}
sage: s.diff(t)
{{x1,x2}}
Divide each element of this set by the monomial rhs and return a new set containing the result.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order='lex')
sage: f = b*e + b*c*d + b
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{b,c,d}, {b,e}, {b}}
sage: s.divide(b.lm())
{{c,d}, {e}, {}}
sage: f = b*e + b*c*d + b + c
sage: s = f.set()
sage: s.divide(b.lm())
{{c,d}, {e}, {}}
Return those members which are divisors of m.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3
sage: s = f.set()
sage: s.divisors_of((x1*x2*x4).lead())
{{x1,x2}}
Return True if this set is empty.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: BS = (a*b + c).set()
sage: BS.empty()
False
sage: BS = B(0).set()
sage: BS.empty()
True
Extend this set to include all divisors of the elements already in this set and return the result as a new set.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: f = a*d*e + a*f + b*d*e + c*d*e + 1
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{a,d,e}, {a,f}, {b,d,e}, {c,d,e}, {}}
sage: s.include_divisors()
{{a,d,e}, {a,d}, {a,e}, {a,f}, {a}, {b,d,e}, {b,d}, {b,e},
{b}, {c,d,e}, {c,d}, {c,e}, {c}, {d,e}, {d}, {e}, {f}, {}}
Return the set theoretic intersection of this set and the set rhs.
The union of two sets and
is defined as:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{x1,x2}, {x2,x3}}
sage: g = x2*x3 + 1
sage: t = g.set(); t
{{x2,x3}, {}}
sage: s.intersect(t)
{{x2,x3}}
Return a new set containing a divisor of all elements of this set.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: f = a*d*e + a*f + a*b*d*e + a*c*d*e + a
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{a,b,d,e}, {a,c,d,e}, {a,d,e}, {a,f}, {a}}
sage: s.minimal_elements()
{{a}}
Return those members which are multiples of m.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3
sage: s = f.set()
sage: s.multiples_of(x1.lm())
{{x1,x2}}
Return the number of nodes in the ZDD.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{x1,x2}, {x2,x3}}
sage: s.n_nodes()
4
Navigators provide an interface to diagram nodes, accessing their index as well as the corresponding then- and else-branches.
You should be very careful and always keep a reference to the original object, when dealing with navigators, as navigators contain only a raw pointer as data. For the same reason, it is necessary to supply the ring as argument, when constructing a set out of a navigator.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleSet
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3*x4+x2*x4+x3+x4+1
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{x1,x2}, {x2,x3,x4}, {x2,x4}, {x3}, {x4}, {}}
sage: nav = s.navigation()
sage: BooleSet(nav,s.ring())
{{x1,x2}, {x2,x3,x4}, {x2,x4}, {x3}, {x4}, {}}
sage: nav.value()
1
sage: nav_else = nav.else_branch()
sage: BooleSet(nav_else,s.ring())
{{x2,x3,x4}, {x2,x4}, {x3}, {x4}, {}}
sage: nav_else.value()
2
Return the parent ring.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3*x4+x2*x4+x3+x4+1
sage: f.set().ring() is B
True
Return self.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: BS = (a*b + c).set()
sage: BS.set() is BS
True
Return the size of this set as a floating point number.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3
sage: s = f.set()
sage: s.size_double()
2.0
A hash value which is stable across processes.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: s = x.set()
sage: s.stable_hash()
-845955105 # 32-bit
173100285919 # 64-bit
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface. In Sage all hashes are stable.
Return a set of those elements in this set which do not contain the variable indexed by i.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
Boolean PolynomialRing in x0, x1, x2, x3, x4
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: B.inject_variables()
Defining x0, x1, x2, x3, x4
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{x1,x2}, {x2,x3}}
sage: s.subset0(1)
{{x2,x3}}
Return a set of those elements in this set which do contain the variable indexed by i and evaluate the variable indexed by i to 1.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
Boolean PolynomialRing in x0, x1, x2, x3, x4
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: B.inject_variables()
Defining x0, x1, x2, x3, x4
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{x1,x2}, {x2,x3}}
sage: s.subset1(1)
{{x2}}
Return the set theoretic union of this set and the set rhs.
The union of two sets and
is defined as:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3
sage: s = f.set(); s
{{x1,x2}, {x2,x3}}
sage: g = x2*x3 + 1
sage: t = g.set(); t
{{x2,x3}, {}}
sage: s.union(t)
{{x1,x2}, {x2,x3}, {}}
Return the variables in this set as a monomial.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order='lex')
sage: f = a + b*e + d*f + e + 1
sage: s = f.set()
sage: s
{{a}, {b,e}, {d,f}, {e}, {}}
sage: s.vars()
a*b*d*e*f
Bases: object
Helper class to iterate over boolean sets.
x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration
Bases: sage.structure.element.MonoidElement
Construct a boolean monomial.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleanMonomialMonoid, BooleanMonomial
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: M = BooleanMonomialMonoid(P)
sage: BooleanMonomial(M)
1
Note
Use the BooleanMonomialMonoid__call__() method and not this constructor to construct these objects.
Return degree of this monomial.
EXAMPLES:
sage: from polybori import BooleanMonomialMonoid
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: M = BooleanMonomialMonoid(P)
sage: M(x*y).deg()
2
sage: M(x*x*y*z).deg()
3
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return the degree of this monomial in x, where x must be one of the generators of the polynomial ring.
INPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: from polybori import BooleanMonomialMonoid
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: M = BooleanMonomialMonoid(P)
sage: M(x*y).degree()
2
sage: M(x*y).degree(x)
1
sage: M(x*y).degree(z)
0
Return a set of boolean monomials with all divisors of this monomial.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: f = x*y
sage: m = f.lm()
sage: m.divisors()
{{x,y}, {x}, {y}, {}}
Return the greatest common divisor of this boolean monomial and rhs.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: a,b,c,d = a.lm(), b.lm(), c.lm(), d.lm()
sage: (a*b).gcd(b*c)
b
sage: (a*b*c).gcd(d)
1
Return the variable index of the first variable in this monomial.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: f = x*y
sage: m = f.lm()
sage: m.index()
0
# Check that Ticket #13133 is resolved:
sage: B(1).lm().index()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: no variables in constant monomial ; cannot take index()
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return an iterator over the indicies of the variables in self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: from polybori import BooleanMonomialMonoid
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: M = BooleanMonomialMonoid(P)
sage: list(M(x*z).iterindex())
[0, 2]
Return a set of boolean monomials with all multiples of this monomial up to the bound rhs.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: f = x
sage: m = f.lm()
sage: g = x*y*z
sage: n = g.lm()
sage: m.multiples(n)
{{x,y,z}, {x,y}, {x,z}, {x}}
sage: n.multiples(m)
{{x,y,z}}
Note
The returned set always contains self even if the bound rhs is smaller than self.
Navigators provide an interface to diagram nodes, accessing their index as well as the corresponding then- and else-branches.
You should be very careful and always keep a reference to the original object, when dealing with navigators, as navigators contain only a raw pointer as data. For the same reason, it is necessary to supply the ring as argument, when constructing a set out of a navigator.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleSet
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3*x4+x2*x4+x3+x4+1
sage: m = f.lm(); m
x1*x2
sage: nav = m.navigation()
sage: BooleSet(nav, B)
{{x1,x2}}
sage: nav.value()
1
Return True if self is reducible by rhs.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: f = x*y
sage: m = f.lm()
sage: m.reducible_by((x*y).lm())
True
sage: m.reducible_by((x*z).lm())
False
Return the corresponding boolean ring.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: a.lm().ring() is B
True
Return a boolean set of variables in this monomials.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: f = x*y
sage: m = f.lm()
sage: m.set()
{{x,y}}
A hash value which is stable across processes.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: m = x.lm()
sage: m.stable_hash()
-845955105 # 32-bit
173100285919 # 64-bit
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface. In Sage all hashes are stable.
Return a tuple of the variables in this monomial.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleanMonomialMonoid
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: M = BooleanMonomialMonoid(P)
sage: M(x*z).variables() # indirect doctest
(x, z)
Bases: object
An iterator over the variable indices of a monomial.
x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration
Bases: sage.structure.unique_representation.UniqueRepresentation, sage.monoids.monoid.Monoid_class
Construct a boolean monomial monoid given a boolean polynomial ring.
This object provides a parent for boolean monomials.
INPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: from polybori import BooleanMonomialMonoid
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: M = BooleanMonomialMonoid(P)
sage: M
MonomialMonoid of Boolean PolynomialRing in x, y
sage: M.gens()
(x, y)
sage: type(M.gen(0))
<type 'sage.rings.polynomial.pbori.BooleanMonomial'>
Since trac ticket #9138, boolean monomial monoids are unique parents and are fit into the category framework:
sage: loads(dumps(M)) is M
True
sage: TestSuite(M).run()
Return the i-th generator of self.
INPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: from polybori import BooleanMonomialMonoid
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: M = BooleanMonomialMonoid(P)
sage: M.gen(0)
x
sage: M.gen(2)
z
sage: P = BooleanPolynomialRing(1000, 'x')
sage: M = BooleanMonomialMonoid(P)
sage: M.gen(50)
x50
Return the tuple of generators of this monoid.
EXAMPLES:
sage: from polybori import BooleanMonomialMonoid
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: M = BooleanMonomialMonoid(P)
sage: M.gens()
(x, y, z)
Returns the number of variables in this monoid.
EXAMPLES:
sage: from polybori import BooleanMonomialMonoid
sage: P = BooleanPolynomialRing(100, 'x')
sage: M = BooleanMonomialMonoid(P)
sage: M.ngens()
100
Bases: object
x.__init__(...) initializes x; see help(type(x)) for signature
x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration
Bases: sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial.MPolynomial
Construct a boolean polynomial object in the given boolean polynomial ring.
INPUT:
TEST:
sage: from polybori import BooleanPolynomial
sage: B.<a,b,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: BooleanPolynomial(B)
0
Note
Do not use this method to construct boolean polynomials, but use the appropriate __call__ method in the parent.
Return True if this element is constant.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: x.constant()
False
sage: B(1).constant()
True
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Returns the constant coefficient of this boolean polynomial.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: a.constant_coefficient()
0
sage: (a+1).constant_coefficient()
1
Return the degree of self. This is usually equivalent to the total degree except for weighted term orderings which are not implemented yet.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: (x+y).degree()
1
sage: P(1).degree()
0
sage: (x*y + x + y + 1).degree()
2
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return the maximal degree of this polynomial in x, where x must be one of the generators for the parent of this polynomial.
If x is not specified (or is None), return the total degree, which is the maximum degree of any monomial.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: (x+y).degree()
1
sage: P(1).degree()
0
sage: (x*y + x + y + 1).degree()
2
sage: (x*y + x + y + 1).degree(x)
1
Return elimination length as used in the SlimGB algorithm.
EXAMPLE:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: x.elength()
1
sage: f = x*y + 1
sage: f.elength()
2
REFERENCES:
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return the first term with respect to the lexicographical term ordering.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3,order='lex')
sage: f = b*z + a + 1
sage: f.first_term()
a
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return graded part of this boolean polynomial of degree deg.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: f = a*b*c + c*d + a*b + 1
sage: f.graded_part(2)
a*b + c*d
sage: f.graded_part(0)
1
TESTS:
sage: f.graded_part(-1)
0
Return True if this boolean polynomial has a constant part, i.e. if 1 is a term.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: f = a*b*c + c*d + a*b + 1
sage: f.has_constant_part()
True
sage: f = a*b*c + c*d + a*b
sage: f.has_constant_part()
False
Check if self is constant.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P(1).is_constant()
True
sage: P(0).is_constant()
True
sage: x.is_constant()
False
sage: (x*y).is_constant()
False
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: f = a*z + b + 1
sage: g = b + z
sage: f.is_equal(g)
False
sage: f.is_equal( (f + 1) - 1 )
True
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return True if this element is a homogeneous polynomial.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x, y> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: (x+y).is_homogeneous()
True
sage: P(0).is_homogeneous()
True
sage: (x+1).is_homogeneous()
False
Check if self is 1.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P(1).is_one()
True
sage: P.one_element().is_one()
True
sage: x.is_one()
False
sage: P(0).is_one()
False
Check if self has exactly two terms.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P(0).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: x.is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: P(1).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: (x*y).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: (x + y).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: (x + 1).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: (x*y + 1).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: (x + y + 1).is_singleton_or_pair()
False
sage: ((x + 1)*(y + 1)).is_singleton_or_pair()
False
Check if self has at most one term.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P(0).is_singleton()
True
sage: x.is_singleton()
True
sage: P(1).is_singleton()
True
sage: (x*y).is_singleton()
True
sage: (x + y).is_singleton()
False
sage: (x + 1).is_singleton()
False
sage: (x*y + 1).is_singleton()
False
sage: (x + y + 1).is_singleton()
False
sage: ((x + 1)*(y + 1)).is_singleton()
False
Check if self has at most two terms.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P(0).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: x.is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: P(1).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: (x*y).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: (x + y).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: (x + 1).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: (x*y + 1).is_singleton_or_pair()
True
sage: (x + y + 1).is_singleton_or_pair()
False
sage: ((x + 1)*(y + 1)).is_singleton_or_pair()
False
Check if self is invertible in the parent ring.
Note that this condition is equivalent to being 1 for boolean polynomials.
EXAMPLE:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P.one_element().is_unit()
True
sage: x.is_unit()
False
Return True if self is a univariate polynomial, that is if self contains only one variable.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: f = x + 1
sage: f.is_univariate()
True
sage: f = y*x + 1
sage: f.is_univariate()
False
sage: f = P(0)
sage: f.is_univariate()
True
Check if self is zero.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P(0).is_zero()
True
sage: x.is_zero()
False
sage: P(1).is_zero()
False
Return the leading monomial of boolean polynomial, with respect to to the order of parent ring.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: (x+y+y*z).lead()
x
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3, order='deglex')
sage: (x+y+y*z).lead()
y*z
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Returns the total degree of the leading monomial of self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: p = x + y*z
sage: p.lead_deg()
1
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3,order='deglex')
sage: p = x + y*z
sage: p.lead_deg()
2
sage: P(0).lead_deg()
0
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return a BooleSet of all divisors of the leading monomial.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: f = a*b + z + 1
sage: f.lead_divisors()
{{a,b}, {a}, {b}, {}}
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return the leading monomial of boolean polynomial, with respect to the lexicographical term ordering.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: (x+y+y*z).lex_lead()
x
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3, order='deglex')
sage: (x+y+y*z).lex_lead()
x
sage: P(0).lex_lead()
0
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return degree of leading monomial with respect to the lexicographical ordering.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3,order='lex')
sage: f = x + y*z
sage: f
x + y*z
sage: f.lex_lead_deg()
1
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3,order='deglex')
sage: f = x + y*z
sage: f
y*z + x
sage: f.lex_lead_deg()
1
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return the leading monomial of this boolean polynomial, with respect to the order of parent ring.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: (x+y+y*z).lm()
x
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3, order='deglex')
sage: (x+y+y*z).lm()
y*z
sage: P(0).lm()
0
Return the leading term of this boolean polynomial, with respect to the order of the parent ring.
Note that for boolean polynomials this is equivalent to returning leading monomials.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: (x+y+y*z).lt()
x
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3, order='deglex')
sage: (x+y+y*z).lt()
y*z
Map every variable x_i in this polynomial to x_i + 1.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: f = a*b + z + 1; f
a*b + z + 1
sage: f.map_every_x_to_x_plus_one()
a*b + a + b + z + 1
sage: f(a+1,b+1,z+1)
a*b + a + b + z + 1
Return the coefficient of the monomial mon in self, where mon must have the same parent as self.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: x.monomial_coefficient(x)
1
sage: x.monomial_coefficient(y)
0
sage: R.<x,y,z,a,b,c>=BooleanPolynomialRing(6)
sage: f=(1-x)*(1+y); f
x*y + x + y + 1
sage: f.monomial_coefficient(1)
1
sage: f.monomial_coefficient(0)
0
Return a list of monomials appearing in self ordered largest to smallest.
EXAMPLE:
sage: P.<a,b,c> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3,order='lex')
sage: f = a + c*b
sage: f.monomials()
[a, b*c]
sage: P.<a,b,c> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3,order='degrevlex')
sage: f = a + c*b
sage: f.monomials()
[c*b, a]
sage: P.zero().monomials()
[]
Return the number of nodes in the ZDD implementing this polynomial.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2 + x2*x3 + 1
sage: f.n_nodes()
4
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return the number of variables used to form this boolean polynomial.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: f = a*b*c + 1
sage: f.n_vars()
3
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Navigators provide an interface to diagram nodes, accessing their index as well as the corresponding then- and else-branches.
You should be very careful and always keep a reference to the original object, when dealing with navigators, as navigators contain only a raw pointer as data. For the same reason, it is necessary to supply the ring as argument, when constructing a set out of a navigator.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import BooleSet
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4 = B.gens()
sage: f = x1*x2+x2*x3*x4+x2*x4+x3+x4+1
sage: nav = f.navigation()
sage: BooleSet(nav, B)
{{x1,x2}, {x2,x3,x4}, {x2,x4}, {x3}, {x4}, {}}
sage: nav.value()
1
sage: nav_else = nav.else_branch()
sage: BooleSet(nav_else, B)
{{x2,x3,x4}, {x2,x4}, {x3}, {x4}, {}}
sage: nav_else.value()
2
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return the number of variables used to form this boolean polynomial.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: f = a*b*c + 1
sage: f.nvariables()
3
Return the normal form of self w.r.t. I, i.e. return the remainder of self with respect to the polynomials in I. If the polynomial set/list I is not a Groebner basis the result is not canonical.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x0,x1,x2,x3> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: I = B.ideal((x0 + x1 + x2 + x3, \
x0*x1 + x1*x2 + x0*x3 + x2*x3, \
x0*x1*x2 + x0*x1*x3 + x0*x2*x3 + x1*x2*x3, \
x0*x1*x2*x3 + 1))
sage: gb = I.groebner_basis()
sage: f,g,h,i = I.gens()
sage: f.reduce(gb)
0
sage: p = f*g + x0*h + x2*i
sage: p.reduce(gb)
0
sage: p.reduce(I)
x1*x2*x3 + x2
sage: p.reduce([])
x0*x1*x2 + x0*x1*x3 + x0*x2*x3 + x2
Note
If this function is called repeatedly with the same I then it is advised to use PolyBoRi’s GroebnerStrategy object directly, since that will be faster. See the source code of this function for details.
TESTS:
sage: R=BooleanPolynomialRing(20,'x','lex')
sage: a=R.random_element()
sage: a.reduce([None,None])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: argument must be a BooleanPolynomial.
Return True if this boolean polynomial is reducible by the polynomial rhs.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4,order='degrevlex')
sage: f = (a*b + 1)*(c + 1)
sage: f.reducible_by(d)
False
sage: f.reducible_by(c)
True
sage: f.reducible_by(c + 1)
True
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return the parent of this boolean polynomial.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: a.ring() is B
True
Return a BooleSet with all monomials appearing in this polynomial.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: (a*b+z+1).set()
{{a,b}, {z}, {}}
Return the S-Polynomial of this boolean polynomial and the other boolean polynomial rhs.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: f = a*b*c + c*d + a*b + 1
sage: g = c*d + b
sage: f.spoly(g)
a*b + a*c*d + c*d + 1
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
A hash value which is stable across processes.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: x.stable_hash()
-845955105 # 32-bit
173100285919 # 64-bit
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface. In Sage all hashes are stable.
Fixes some given variables in a given boolean polynomial and returns the changed boolean polynomials. The polynomial itself is not affected. The variable,value pairs for fixing are to be provided as dictionary of the form {variable:value} or named parameters (see examples below).
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: f = x*y + z + y*z + 1
sage: f.subs(x=1)
y*z + y + z + 1
sage: f.subs(x=0)
y*z + z + 1
sage: f.subs(x=y)
y*z + y + z + 1
sage: f.subs({x:1},y=1)
0
sage: f.subs(y=1)
x + 1
sage: f.subs(y=1,z=1)
x + 1
sage: f.subs(z=1)
x*y + y
sage: f.subs({'x':1},y=1)
0
This method can work fully symbolic:
sage: f.subs(x=var('a'),y=var('b'),z=var('c'))
a*b + b*c + c + 1
sage: f.subs({'x':var('a'),'y':var('b'),'z':var('c')})
a*b + b*c + c + 1
Return a list of monomials appearing in self ordered largest to smallest.
EXAMPLE:
sage: P.<a,b,c> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3,order='lex')
sage: f = a + c*b
sage: f.terms()
[a, b*c]
sage: P.<a,b,c> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3,order='degrevlex')
sage: f = a + c*b
sage: f.terms()
[c*b, a]
Return the total degree of self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: (x+y).total_degree()
1
sage: P(1).total_degree()
0
sage: (x*y + x + y + 1).total_degree()
2
Returns a univariate polynomial associated to this multivariate polynomial.
If this polynomial is not in at most one variable, then a ValueError exception is raised. This is checked using the is_univariate() method. The new Polynomial is over GF(2) and in the variable x if no ring R is provided.
sage: R.<x, y> = BooleanPolynomialRing() sage: f = x - y + x*y + 1 sage: f.univariate_polynomial() Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: polynomial must involve at most one variable sage: g = f.subs({x:0}); g y + 1 sage: g.univariate_polynomial () y + 1 sage: g.univariate_polynomial(GF(2)[‘foo’]) foo + 1
Here’s an example with a constant multivariate polynomial:
sage: g = R(1)
sage: h = g.univariate_polynomial(); h
1
sage: h.parent()
Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Finite Field of size 2 (using NTL)
Return the i-th variable occurring in self. The index i is the index in self.variables()
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: f = x*z + z + 1
sage: f.variables()
(x, z)
sage: f.variable(1)
z
Return a tuple of all variables appearing in self.
EXAMPLE:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: (x + y).variables()
(x, y)
sage: (x*y + z).variables()
(x, y, z)
sage: P.zero_element().variables()
()
sage: P.one_element().variables()
()
Return a boolean monomial with all the variables appearing in self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: (x + y).vars_as_monomial()
x*y
sage: (x*y + z).vars_as_monomial()
x*y*z
sage: P.zero_element().vars_as_monomial()
1
sage: P.one_element().vars_as_monomial()
1
TESTS:
sage: R = BooleanPolynomialRing(1, 'y')
sage: y.vars_as_monomial()
y
sage: R
Boolean PolynomialRing in y
Note
This function is part of the upstream PolyBoRi interface.
Return a set containing all elements of s where this boolean polynomial evaluates to zero.
If s is given as a BooleSet, then the return type is also a BooleSet. If s is a set/list/tuple of tuple this function returns a tuple of tuples.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: f = a*b + c + d + 1
Now we create a set of points:
sage: s = a*b + a*b*c + c*d + 1
sage: s = s.set(); s
{{a,b,c}, {a,b}, {c,d}, {}}
This encodes the points (1,1,1,0), (1,1,0,0), (0,0,1,1) and (0,0,0,0). But of these only (1,1,0,0) evaluates to zero.
sage: f.zeros_in(s)
{{a,b}}
sage: f.zeros_in([(1,1,1,0), (1,1,0,0), (0,0,1,1), (0,0,0,0)])
((1, 1, 0, 0),)
Bases: sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ideal.MPolynomialIdeal
Construct an ideal in the boolean polynomial ring.
INPUT:
ring - the ring this ideal is defined in
gens - a list of generators
(default: True)
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x0, x1, x2, x3> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: I = P.ideal(x0*x1*x2*x3 + x0*x1*x3 + x0*x1 + x0*x2 + x0)
sage: I
Ideal (x0*x1*x2*x3 + x0*x1*x3 + x0*x1 + x0*x2 + x0) of Boolean PolynomialRing in x0, x1, x2, x3
sage: loads(dumps(I)) == I
True
Return the dimension of self, which is always zero.
TESTS:
Check that trac ticket #13155 is solved:
sage: R = BooleanPolynomialRing(11, 'x')
sage: R2 = PolynomialRing(GF(2), 11, 'x')
sage: I = ideal([ R(f) for f in sage.rings.ideal.Cyclic(R2, 11).gens() ])
sage: I.dimension()
0
Return a Groebner basis of this ideal.
INPUT:
red_tail - tail reductions in intermediate polynomials, this options affects mainly heuristics. The reducedness of the output polynomials can only be guaranteed by the option redsb (default: True)
minsb - return a minimal Groebner basis (default: True)
redsb - return a minimal Groebner basis and all tails are reduced (default: True)
deg_bound - only compute Groebner basis up to a given degree bound (default: False)
faugere - turn off or on the linear algebra (default: False)
linear_algebra_in_last_block - this affects the last block of block orderings and degree orderings. If it is set to True linear algebra takes affect in this block. (default: True)
polynomials (default: True)
selection_size - maximum number of polynomials for parallel reductions (default: 1000)
heuristic - Turn off heuristic by setting heuristic=False (default: True)
lazy - (default: True)
invert - setting invert=True input and output get a transformation x+1 for each variable x, which shouldn’t effect the calculated GB, but the algorithm.
other_ordering_first - possible values are False or an ordering code. In practice, many Boolean examples have very few solutions and a very easy Groebner basis. So, a complex walk algorithm (which cannot be implemented using the data structures) seems unnecessary, as such Groebner bases can be converted quite fast by the normal Buchberger algorithm from one ordering into another ordering. (default: False)
prot - show protocol (default: False)
full_prot - show full protocol (default: False)
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x0, x1, x2, x3> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: I = P.ideal(x0*x1*x2*x3 + x0*x1*x3 + x0*x1 + x0*x2 + x0)
sage: I.groebner_basis()
[x0*x1 + x0*x2 + x0, x0*x2*x3 + x0*x3]
Another somewhat bigger example:
sage: sr = mq.SR(2,1,1,4,gf2=True, polybori=True)
sage: F,s = sr.polynomial_system()
sage: I = F.ideal()
sage: I.groebner_basis()
Polynomial Sequence with 36 Polynomials in 36 Variables
TESTS:
This example shows, that a bug in our variable indices was indeed fixed:
sage: R.<a111,a112,a121,a122,b111,b112,b211,b212,c111,c112> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order='lex')
sage: I = (a111 * b111 * c111 + a112 * b112 * c112 - 1, a111 * b211 * c111 + a112 * b212 * c112 - 0,
... a121 * b111 * c111 + a122 * b112 * c112, a121 * b211 * c111 + a122 * b212 * c112 - 1)*R
sage: I.groebner_basis()
[a111 + b212, a112 + b211, a121 + b112, a122 + b111, b111*b112 + b111 + b112 + 1,
b111*b211 + b111 + b211 + 1, b111*b212 + b112*b211 + 1, b112*b212 + b112 + b212 + 1,
b211*b212 + b211 + b212 + 1, c111 + 1, c112 + 1]
The following example shows whether boolean constants are handled correctly:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: I = Ideal([x*z + y*z + z, x*y + x*z + x + y*z + y + z])
sage: I.groebner_basis()
[x, y, z]
Check that this no longer crash (trac ticket #12792):
sage: names = [ "s{0}s{1}".format(i,j) for i in range(4) for j in range(8)]
sage: R = BooleanPolynomialRing( 32, names)
sage: R.inject_variables()
Defining s0s0, ...
sage: problem = [s1s0*s1s1, s0s0*s0s1 + s0s0 + s0s1 + s2s0 + s3s0*s3s1 + s3s0 + s3s1,
... s1s1 + s2s0 + s3s0 + s3s1 + 1, s0s0*s0s1 + s1s1 + s3s0*s3s1 + s3s0,
... s0s1 + s1s0 + s1s1 + s3s0, s0s0*s0s1 + s0s0 + s0s1 + s1s1 + s2s0 + s3s1,
... s0s1 + s1s0, s0s0*s0s1 + s0s0 + s0s1 + s1s0 + s2s0 + s3s1,
... s0s0 + s2s0 + s3s0*s3s1 + s3s0 + 1, s0s0 + s1s1]
sage: ideal(problem).groebner_basis()
[1]
If this ideal is spanned by (f_1, ..., f_n) this method returns (g_1, ..., g_s) such that:
EXAMPLE:
sage: sr = mq.SR(1, 1, 1, 4, gf2=True, polybori=True)
sage: F,s = sr.polynomial_system()
sage: I = F.ideal()
sage: I.interreduced_basis()
[k100 + 1, k101 + k001 + 1, k102, k103 + 1, x100 + k001 + 1, x101 + k001, x102, x103 + k001, w100 + 1, w101 + k001 + 1, w102 + 1, w103 + 1, s000 + k001, s001 + k001 + 1, s002, s003 + k001 + 1, k000 + 1, k002 + 1, k003 + 1]
Reduce an element modulo the reduced Groebner basis for this ideal. This returns 0 if and only if the element is in this ideal. In any case, this reduction is unique up to monomial orders.
EXAMPLE:
sage: P = PolynomialRing(GF(2),10, 'x')
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(10,'x')
sage: I = sage.rings.ideal.Cyclic(P)
sage: I = B.ideal([B(f) for f in I.gens()])
sage: gb = I.groebner_basis()
sage: I.reduce(gb[0])
0
sage: I.reduce(gb[0] + 1)
1
sage: I.reduce(gb[0]*gb[1])
0
sage: I.reduce(gb[0]*B.gen(1))
0
Return the variety associated to this boolean ideal.
EXAMPLE:
A Simple example:
sage: R.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing() sage: I = ideal( [ x*y*z + x*z + y + 1, x+y+z+1 ] ) sage: I.variety() [{y: 1, z: 0, x: 0}, {y: 1, z: 1, x: 1}]
TESTS:
BooleanIdeal and regular (quotient) Ideal should coincide:
sage: R = BooleanPolynomialRing(6, ['x%d'%(i+1) for i in range(6)], order='lex') sage: R.inject_variables() Defining... sage: polys = [\ x1*x2 + x1*x4 + x1*x5 + x1*x6 + x1 + x2 + x3*x4 + x3*x5 + x3 + x4*x5 + x4*x6 + x4 + x5 + x6, \ x1*x2 + x1*x3 + x1*x4 + x1*x6 + x2*x3 + x2*x6 + x2 + x3*x4 + x5*x6, \ x1*x3 + x1*x4 + x1*x6 + x1 + x2*x5 + x2*x6 + x3*x4 + x3 + x4*x6 + x4 + x5*x6 + x5 + x6, \ x1*x2 + x1*x3 + x1*x4 + x1*x5 + x2 + x3*x5 + x3*x6 + x3 + x5 + x6, \ x1*x2 + x1*x4 + x1*x5 + x1*x6 + x2*x3 + x2*x4 + x2*x5 + x3*x5 + x5*x6 + x5 + x6, \ x1*x2 + x1*x6 + x2*x4 + x2*x5 + x2*x6 + x3*x6 + x4*x6 + x5*x6 + x5] sage: I = R.ideal( polys ) sage: I.variety() [{x6: 0, x5: 0, x4: 0, x2: 0, x3: 0, x1: 0}, {x6: 1, x5: 0, x4: 0, x2: 1, x3: 1, x1: 1}] sage: R = PolynomialRing(GF(2), 6, ['x%d'%(i+1) for i in range(6)], order='lex') sage: I = R.ideal( polys ) sage: (I + sage.rings.ideal.FieldIdeal(R)).variety() [{x2: 0, x5: 0, x4: 0, x1: 0, x6: 0, x3: 0}, {x2: 1, x5: 0, x4: 0, x1: 1, x6: 1, x3: 1}]Check that trac ticket #13976 is fixed:
sage: R.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing() sage: I = ideal( [ x*y*z + x*z + y + 1, x+y+z+1 ] ) sage: sols = I.variety() sage: sols[0][y] 1
Bases: object
Iterator over the monomials of a boolean polynomial.
x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration
Bases: sage.rings.polynomial.multi_polynomial_ring_generic.MPolynomialRing_generic
Construct a boolean polynomial ring with the following parameters:
INPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: R.<x, y, z> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: R
Boolean PolynomialRing in x, y, z
sage: p = x*y + x*z + y*z
sage: x*p
x*y*z + x*y + x*z
sage: R.term_order()
Lexicographic term order
sage: R = BooleanPolynomialRing(5,'x',order='deglex(3),deglex(2)')
sage: R.term_order()
Block term order with blocks:
(Degree lexicographic term order of length 3,
Degree lexicographic term order of length 2)
sage: R = BooleanPolynomialRing(3,'x',order='degrevlex')
sage: R.term_order()
Degree reverse lexicographic term order
TESTS:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2,order='degrevlex')
sage: x > y
True
sage: P.<x0, x1, x2, x3> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4,order='degrevlex(2),degrevlex(2)')
sage: x0 > x1
True
sage: x2 > x3
True
sage: TestSuite(P).run()
Boolean polynomial rings are unique parent structures. We thus have:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: R.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P is R
True
sage: Q.<x,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P == Q
False
sage: S.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2, order='deglex')
sage: P == S
False
Shallow copy this boolean polynomial ring, but with different ordering, names or blocks if given.
ring.clone(ordering=..., names=..., block=...) generates a shallow copy of ring, but with different ordering, names or blocks if given.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: B.clone()
Boolean PolynomialRing in a, b, c
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3,order='deglex')
sage: y*z > x
True
Now we call the clone method and generate a compatible, but ‘lex’ ordered, ring:
sage: C = B.clone(ordering=0)
sage: C(y*z) > C(x)
False
Now we change variable names:
sage: P.<x0,x1> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2) sage: P Boolean PolynomialRing in x0, x1
sage: Q = P.clone(names=['t'])
sage: Q
Boolean PolynomialRing in t, x1
We can also append blocks to block orderings this way:
sage: R.<x1,x2,x3,x4> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order=’deglex(1),deglex(3)’) sage: x2 > x3*x4 False
Now we call the internal method and change the blocks:
sage: S = R.clone(blocks=[3])
sage: S(x2) > S(x3*x4)
True
Note
This is part of PolyBoRi’s native interface.
Return if x_1,x_2,...,x_n is
the ordered list of variable names of this ring. R also
has the same term ordering as this ring.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: R = B.cover_ring(); R
Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x, y over Finite Field of size 2
sage: B.term_order() == R.term_order()
True
The cover ring is cached:
sage: B.cover_ring() is B.cover_ring()
True
Return where R =
self.cover_ring(), and
any element in the set of
variables of this ring.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: I = B.defining_ideal(); I
Ideal (x^2 + x, y^2 + y) of Multivariate Polynomial Ring
in x, y over Finite Field of size 2
Returns the i-th generator of this boolean polynomial ring.
INPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: P.gen()
x
sage: P.gen(2)
z
sage: m = x.monomials()[0]
sage: P.gen(m)
x
TESTS:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3, order='dp')
sage: P.gen(0)
x
Return the tuple of variables in this ring.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: P.gens()
(x, y, z)
sage: P = BooleanPolynomialRing(10,'x')
sage: P.gens()
(x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9)
TESTS:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3,order='degrevlex')
sage: P.gens()
(x, y, z)
Return a dictionary whose entries are {var_name:variable,...}.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: B.gens_dict()
{'a': a, 'c': c, 'b': b, 'd': d}
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: B.get_base_order_code()
0
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order='deglex')
sage: B.get_base_order_code()
1
sage: T = TermOrder('deglex',2) + TermOrder('deglex',2)
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4, order=T)
sage: B.get_base_order_code()
1
Note
This function which is part of the PolyBoRi upstream API works with a current global ring. This notion is avoided in Sage.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: B.get_order_code()
0
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order='deglex')
sage: B.get_order_code()
1
Note
This function which is part of the PolyBoRi upstream API works with a current global ring. This notion is avoided in Sage.
Returns checks whether the order code corresponds to a degree ordering.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P.has_degree_order()
False
Returns a unique identifiert for this boolean polynomial ring.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: print "id: ", P.id()
id: ...
sage: P = BooleanPolynomialRing(10, 'x')
sage: Q = BooleanPolynomialRing(20, 'x')
sage: P.id() != Q.id()
True
Create an ideal in this ring.
INPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: P.ideal(x+y)
Ideal (x + y) of Boolean PolynomialRing in x, y, z
sage: P.ideal(x*y, y*z)
Ideal (x*y, y*z) of Boolean PolynomialRing in x, y, z
sage: P.ideal([x+y, z])
Ideal (x + y, z) of Boolean PolynomialRing in x, y, z
Return the lexicographically minimal boolean polynomial for the given sets of points.
Given two sets of points zeros - evaluating to zero - and ones - evaluating to one -, compute the lexicographically minimal boolean polynomial satisfying these points.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
First we create a random-ish boolean polynomial.
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing(6)
sage: f = a*b*c*e + a*d*e + a*f + b + c + e + f + 1
Now we find interpolation points mapping to zero and to one.
sage: zeros = set([(1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0), \
(0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1), \
(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0), \
(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1)])
sage: ones = set([(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0), \
(0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1), (1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1), \
(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1), \
(0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0)])
sage: [f(*p) for p in zeros]
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
sage: [f(*p) for p in ones]
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
Finally, we find the lexicographically smallest interpolation polynomial using PolyBoRi .
sage: g = B.interpolation_polynomial(zeros, ones); g
b*f + c + d*f + d + e*f + e + 1
sage: [g(*p) for p in zeros]
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
sage: [g(*p) for p in ones]
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
Alternatively, we can work with PolyBoRi’s native BooleSet‘s. This example is from the PolyBoRi tutorial:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(4,"x0,x1,x2,x3")
sage: x = B.gen
sage: V=(x(0)+x(1)+x(2)+x(3)+1).set(); V
{{x0}, {x1}, {x2}, {x3}, {}}
sage: f=x(0)*x(1)+x(1)+x(2)+1
sage: z = f.zeros_in(V); z
{{x1}, {x2}}
sage: o = V.diff(z); o
{{x0}, {x3}, {}}
sage: B.interpolation_polynomial(z,o)
x1 + x2 + 1
ALGORITHM: Calls interpolate_smallest_lex as described in the PolyBoRi tutorial.
Returns the number of variables in this boolean polynomial ring.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P.n_variables()
2
sage: P = BooleanPolynomialRing(1000, 'x')
sage: P.n_variables()
1000
Note
This is part of PolyBoRi’s native interface.
Returns the number of variables in this boolean polynomial ring.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P.ngens()
2
sage: P = BooleanPolynomialRing(1000, 'x')
sage: P.ngens()
1000
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x0,x1> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P.one()
1
Return a random boolean polynomial. Generated polynomial has the given number of terms, and at most given degree.
INPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: P.random_element(degree=3, terms=4)
x*y*z + x*z + y*z + z
sage: P.random_element(degree=1, terms=2)
z + 1
In corner cases this function will return fewer terms by default:
sage: P = BooleanPolynomialRing(2,'y')
sage: P.random_element()
y0*y1 + 1
sage: P = BooleanPolynomialRing(1,'y')
sage: P.random_element()
1
TESTS:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: P.random_element(degree=4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Given degree should be less than or equal to number of variables (3)
sage: t = P.random_element(degree=1, terms=5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Cannot generate random polynomial with 5 terms and maximum degree 1 using 3 variables
sage: t = P.random_element(degree=2,terms=5,vars_set=(0,1))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Cannot generate random polynomial with 5 terms using 2 variables
We test that trac ticket #13845 is fixed:
sage: n = 10
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(n, 'x')
sage: r = B.random_element(terms=(n/2)**2)
Remove a variable or sequence of variables from this ring.
If order is not specified, then the subring inherits the term order of the original ring, if possible.
EXAMPLES:
sage: R.<x,y,z,w> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: R.remove_var(z)
Boolean PolynomialRing in x, y, w
sage: R.remove_var(z,x)
Boolean PolynomialRing in y, w
sage: R.remove_var(y,z,x)
Boolean PolynomialRing in w
Removing all variables results in the base ring:
sage: R.remove_var(y,z,x,w)
Finite Field of size 2
If possible, the term order is kept:
sage: R.<x,y,z,w> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order=’deglex’) sage: R.remove_var(y).term_order() Degree lexicographic term order
sage: R.<x,y,z,w> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order=’lex’) sage: R.remove_var(y).term_order() Lexicographic term order
Be careful with block orders when removing variables:
sage: R.<x,y,z,u,v> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order='deglex(2),deglex(3)')
sage: R.remove_var(x,y,z)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: impossible to use the original term order (most likely because it was a block order). Please specify the term order for the subring
sage: R.remove_var(x,y,z, order='deglex')
Boolean PolynomialRing in u, v
Returns the i-th generator of this boolean polynomial ring.
INPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: P.variable()
x
sage: P.variable(2)
z
sage: m = x.monomials()[0]
sage: P.variable(m)
x
TESTS:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3, order='dp')
sage: P.variable(0)
x
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x0,x1> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: P.zero()
0
Bases: object
A vector of boolean polynomials.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: from polybori import BooleanPolynomialVector
sage: l = [B.random_element() for _ in range(3)]
sage: v = BooleanPolynomialVector(l)
sage: len(v)
3
sage: v[0]
a*b + a*d + a + d + e
sage: list(v)
[a*b + a*d + a + d + e, a*e + a + c*f + d*f + 1, b*c + c*f + d*f + e + 1]
Append the element el to this vector.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: from polybori import BooleanPolynomialVector
sage: v = BooleanPolynomialVector()
sage: for i in range(5):
... v.append(B.random_element())
sage: list(v)
[a*b + a*d + a + d + e,
a*e + a + c*f + d*f + 1,
b*c + c*f + d*f + e + 1,
a*e + a + c*f + d*f + 1,
b*e + d + e*f + f + 1]
Bases: object
x.__init__(...) initializes x; see help(type(x)) for signature
x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration
Bases: object
x.__init__(...) initializes x; see help(type(x)) for signature
Bases: object
Strategy object for the FGLM algorithm to translate from one Groebner basis with respect to a term ordering A to another Groebner basis with respect to a term ordering B.
Execute the FGLM algorithm.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: ideal = BooleanPolynomialVector([x+z, y+z])
sage: list(ideal)
[x + z, y + z]
sage: old_ring = B
sage: new_ring = B.clone(ordering=dp_asc)
sage: list(FGLMStrategy(old_ring, new_ring, ideal).main())
[y + x, z + x]
Bases: object
A Groebner strategy is the main object to control the strategy for computing Groebner bases.
Note
This class is mainly used internally.
Add a new generator but let the strategy object decide whether to perform immediate interreduction.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: gbs = GroebnerStrategy(B)
sage: gbs.add_as_you_wish(a + b)
sage: list(gbs)
[a + b]
sage: gbs.add_as_you_wish(a + c)
Note that nothing happened immediatly but that the generator was indeed added:
sage: list(gbs)
[a + b]
sage: gbs.symmGB_F2()
sage: list(gbs)
[a + c, b + c]
Add a new generator.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: gbs = GroebnerStrategy(B)
sage: gbs.add_generator(a + b)
sage: list(gbs)
[a + b]
sage: gbs.add_generator(a + c)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: strategy already contains a polynomial with same lead
Add a new generator but do not perform interreduction immediatly.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: gbs = GroebnerStrategy(B)
sage: gbs.add_generator(a + b)
sage: list(gbs)
[a + b]
sage: gbs.add_generator_delayed(a + c)
sage: list(gbs)
[a + b]
sage: list(gbs.all_generators())
[a + b, a + c]
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: gbs = GroebnerStrategy(B)
sage: gbs.add_as_you_wish(a + b)
sage: list(gbs)
[a + b]
sage: gbs.add_as_you_wish(a + c)
sage: list(gbs)
[a + b]
sage: list(gbs.all_generators())
[a + b, a + c]
Return True if 1 is in the generating system.
EXAMPLE:
We construct an example which contains 1 in the ideal spanned by the generators but not in the set of generators:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: from polybori import GroebnerStrategy
sage: gb = GroebnerStrategy(B)
sage: gb.add_generator(a*c + a*f + d*f + d + f)
sage: gb.add_generator(b*c + b*e + c + d + 1)
sage: gb.add_generator(a*f + a + c + d + 1)
sage: gb.add_generator(a*d + a*e + b*e + c + f)
sage: gb.add_generator(b*d + c + d*f + e + f)
sage: gb.add_generator(a*b + b + c*e + e + 1)
sage: gb.add_generator(a + b + c*d + c*e + 1)
sage: gb.contains_one()
False
Still, we have that:
sage: from polybori import groebner_basis
sage: groebner_basis(gb)
[1]
Reduces a vector of polynomials using linear algebra.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: from polybori import GroebnerStrategy
sage: gb = GroebnerStrategy(B)
sage: gb.add_generator(a*c + a*f + d*f + d + f)
sage: gb.add_generator(b*c + b*e + c + d + 1)
sage: gb.add_generator(a*f + a + c + d + 1)
sage: gb.add_generator(a*d + a*e + b*e + c + f)
sage: gb.add_generator(b*d + c + d*f + e + f)
sage: gb.add_generator(a*b + b + c*e + e + 1)
sage: gb.add_generator(a + b + c*d + c*e + 1)
sage: from polybori import BooleanPolynomialVector
sage: V= BooleanPolynomialVector([b*d, a*b])
sage: list(gb.faugere_step_dense(V))
[b + c*e + e + 1, c + d*f + e + f]
Compute “useful” implied polynomials of i-th generator, and add them to the strategy, if it finds any.
INPUT:
Use the built-in ll-encoded BooleSet of polynomials with linear lexicographical leading term, which coincides with leading term in current ordering, to reduce the tails of all polynomials in the strategy.
Return a vector of all polynomials with minimal leading terms.
Note
Use this function if strat contains a GB.
Return a vector of all polynomials with minimal leading terms and do tail reductions.
Note
Use that if strat contains a GB and you want a reduced GB.
Compute the normal form of p with respect to the generating set.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: P = PolynomialRing(GF(2),10, 'x')
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(10,'x')
sage: I = sage.rings.ideal.Cyclic(P)
sage: I = B.ideal([B(f) for f in I.gens()])
sage: gb = I.groebner_basis()
sage: from polybori import GroebnerStrategy
sage: G = GroebnerStrategy(B)
sage: _ = [G.add_generator(f) for f in gb]
sage: G.nf(gb[0])
0
sage: G.nf(gb[0] + 1)
1
sage: G.nf(gb[0]*gb[1])
0
sage: G.nf(gb[0]*B.gen(1))
0
Note
The result is only canonical if the generating set is a Groebner basis.
Return the index of the generator which can reduce the monomial m.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: f = B.random_element()
sage: g = B.random_element()
sage: from polybori import GroebnerStrategy
sage: strat = GroebnerStrategy(B)
sage: strat.add_generator(f)
sage: strat.add_generator(g)
sage: strat.select(f.lm())
0
sage: strat.select(g.lm())
1
sage: strat.select(e.lm())
-1
Compute a Groebner basis for the generating system.
Note
This implementation is out of date, but it will revived at some point in time. Use the groebner_basis() function instead.
Computes, whether there exists some polynomial of the form
in the Strategy – where c is a constant – in the
list of generators.
INPUT:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing() sage: from polybori import GroebnerStrategy sage: gb = GroebnerStrategy(B) sage: gb.add_generator(a*c + a*f + d*f + d + f) sage: gb.add_generator(b*c + b*e + c + d + 1) sage: gb.add_generator(a*f + a + c + d + 1) sage: gb.add_generator(a*d + a*e + b*e + c + f) sage: gb.add_generator(b*d + c + d*f + e + f) sage: gb.add_generator(a*b + b + c*e + e + 1) sage: gb.variable_has_value(0) False
sage: from polybori import groebner_basis sage: g = groebner_basis(gb) sage: list(g) [a, b + 1, c + 1, d, e + 1, f]
sage: gb = GroebnerStrategy(B) sage: _ = [gb.add_generator(f) for f in g] sage: gb.variable_has_value(0) True
Bases: object
Implements PolyBoRi’s Monomial() constructor.
Bases: object
Implements PolyBoRi’s Monomial() constructor. If a ring is given is can be used as a Monomial factory for the given ring.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import * sage: B.<a,b,c> = BooleanPolynomialRing() sage: fac = MonomialFactory() sage: fac = MonomialFactory(B)
Bases: object
Implements PolyBoRi’s Polynomial() constructor.
Return the leading monomial of boolean polynomial x, with respect to to the order of parent ring.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<a,b,c> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: PolynomialConstruct().lead(a)
a
Bases: object
Implements PolyBoRi’s Polynomial() constructor and a polynomial factory for given rings.
Return the leading monomial of boolean polynomial x, with respect to to the order of parent ring.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<a,b,c> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: PolynomialFactory().lead(a)
a
Bases: object
Functions and options for boolean polynomial reduction.
Add the new generator p to this strategy.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: red = ReductionStrategy(B)
sage: red.add_generator(x)
sage: list([f.p for f in red])
[x]
TESTS:
Check if #8966 is fixed:
sage: red = ReductionStrategy(B)
sage: red.add_generator(None)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: argument must be a BooleanPolynomial.
Return True if p can be reduced by the generators of this strategy.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: red = ReductionStrategy(B)
sage: red.add_generator(a*b + c + 1)
sage: red.add_generator(b*c + d + 1)
sage: red.can_rewrite(a*b + a)
True
sage: red.can_rewrite(b + c)
False
sage: red.can_rewrite(a*d + b*c + d + 1)
True
Peform ‘cheap’ reductions on p.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: red = ReductionStrategy(B)
sage: red.add_generator(a*b + c + 1)
sage: red.add_generator(b*c + d + 1)
sage: red.add_generator(a)
sage: red.cheap_reductions(a*b + a)
0
sage: red.cheap_reductions(b + c)
b + c
sage: red.cheap_reductions(a*d + b*c + d + 1)
b*c + d + 1
Compute the normal form of p with respect to the generators of this strategy but do not perform tail any reductions.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: red = ReductionStrategy(B)
sage: red.opt_red_tail = True
sage: red.add_generator(x + y + 1)
sage: red.add_generator(y*z + z)
sage: red.head_normal_form(x + y*z)
y + z + 1
sage; red.nf(x + y*z)
y + z + 1
Compute the normal form of p w.r.t. to the generators of this reduction strategy object.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: red = ReductionStrategy(B)
sage: red.add_generator(x + y + 1)
sage: red.add_generator(y*z + z)
sage: red.nf(x)
y + 1
sage: red.nf(y*z + x)
y + z + 1
Compute the normal form of p with respect to the generators of this strategy and perform tail reductions.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: red = ReductionStrategy(B)
sage: red.add_generator(x + y + 1)
sage: red.add_generator(y*z + z)
sage: red.reduced_normal_form(x)
y + 1
sage: red.reduced_normal_form(y*z + x)
y + z + 1
Bases: object
Implements PolyBoRi’s Variable() constructor.
Add up all entries in the vector v.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: v = BooleanPolynomialVector()
sage: l = [B.random_element() for _ in range(5)]
sage: _ = [v.append(e) for e in l]
sage: add_up_polynomials(v, B.zero())
a*c + a*d + b*c + b*d + c*d + c + 1
sage: sum(l)
a*c + a*d + b*c + b*d + c*d + c + 1
Perform Gaussian elimination on the input list of polynomials.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e,f> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: from polybori import *
sage: l = [B.random_element() for _ in range(B.ngens())]
sage: A,v = Sequence(l,B).coefficient_matrix()
sage: A
[1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0]
[0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1]
[0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1]
[0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1]
[0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1]
[0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1]
sage: e = gauss_on_polys(l)
sage: E,v = Sequence(e,B).coefficient_matrix()
sage: E
[1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0]
[0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1]
[0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1]
[0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1]
[0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1]
sage: A.echelon_form()
[1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0]
[0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1]
[0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1]
[0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1]
[0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1]
[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0]
Return a variable mapping between variables of other and ring. When other is a parent object, the mapping defines images for all variables of other. If it is an element, only variables occurring in other are mapped.
Raises NameError if no such mapping is possible.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: R.<z,y> = QQ[]
sage: sage.rings.polynomial.pbori.get_var_mapping(P,R)
[z, y]
sage: sage.rings.polynomial.pbori.get_var_mapping(P, z^2)
[z, None]
sage: R.<z,x> = BooleanPolynomialRing(2)
sage: sage.rings.polynomial.pbori.get_var_mapping(P,R)
[z, x]
sage: sage.rings.polynomial.pbori.get_var_mapping(P, x^2)
[None, x]
Check that ticket #13202 is fixed:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order='degrevlex')
sage: P.<c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order='lex')
sage: sage.rings.polynomial.pbori.get_var_mapping(B, P)
[c, d]
The opposite of navigating down a ZDD using navigators is to construct new ZDDs in the same way, namely giving their else- and then-branch as well as the index value of the new node.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import if_then_else
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(6,'x')
sage: x0,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5 = B.gens()
sage: f0 = x2*x3+x3
sage: f1 = x4
sage: if_then_else(x1, f0, f1)
{{x1,x2,x3}, {x1,x3}, {x4}}
sage: if_then_else(x1.lm().index(),f0,f1)
{{x1,x2,x3}, {x1,x3}, {x4}}
sage: if_then_else(x5, f0, f1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: index of root must be less than the values of roots of the branches.
Interpolate a polynomial evaluating to zero on zero and to one on ones.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(4,"x0,x1,x2,x3")
sage: x = B.gen
sage: from polybori.interpolate import *
sage: V=(x(0)+x(1)+x(2)+x(3)+1).set()
sage: V
{{x0}, {x1}, {x2}, {x3}, {}}
sage: f=x(0)*x(1)+x(1)+x(2)+1
sage: nf_lex_points(f,V)
x1 + x2 + 1
sage: z=f.zeros_in(V)
sage: z
{{x1}, {x2}}
sage: o=V.diff(z)
sage: o
{{x0}, {x3}, {}}
sage: interpolate(z,o)
x0*x1*x2 + x0*x1 + x0*x2 + x1*x2 + x1 + x2 + 1
Interpolate the lexicographical smallest polynomial evaluating to zero on zero and to one on ones.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
Let V be a set of points in and f a Boolean
polynomial. V can be encoded as a BooleSet. Then we are
interested in the normal form of f against the vanishing ideal of
V : I(V).
It turns out, that the computation of the normal form can be done by the computation of a minimal interpolation polynomial, which takes the same values as f on V:
sage: B = BooleanPolynomialRing(4,"x0,x1,x2,x3")
sage: x = B.gen
sage: from polybori.interpolate import *
sage: V=(x(0)+x(1)+x(2)+x(3)+1).set()
We take V = {e0,e1,e2,e3,0}, where ei describes the i-th unit
vector. For our considerations it does not play any role, if we
suppose V to be embedded in or a vector space of higher
dimension:
sage: V
{{x0}, {x1}, {x2}, {x3}, {}}
sage: f=x(0)*x(1)+x(1)+x(2)+1
sage: nf_lex_points(f,V)
x1 + x2 + 1
In this case, the normal form of f w.r.t. the vanishing ideal of V consists of all terms of f with degree smaller or equal to 1.
It can be easily seen, that this polynomial forms the same function on V as f. In fact, our computation is equivalent to the direct call of the interpolation function interpolate_smallest_lex, which has two arguments: the set of interpolation points mapped to zero and the set of interpolation points mapped to one:
sage: z=f.zeros_in(V)
sage: z
{{x1}, {x2}}
sage: o=V.diff(z)
sage: o
{{x0}, {x3}, {}}
sage: interpolate_smallest_lex(z,o)
x1 + x2 + 1
Redude the polynomial p by the set of reductors with linear leading terms.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import ll_red_nf_noredsb
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: p = a*b + c + d + 1
sage: f,g = a + c + 1, b + d + 1;
sage: reductors = f.set().union( g.set() )
sage: ll_red_nf_noredsb(p, reductors)
b*c + b*d + c + d + 1
Redude the polynomial p by the set of reductors with linear leading terms.
ll_red_nf_noredsb_single_recursive() call has the same specification as ll_red_nf_noredsb(), but a different implementation: It is very sensitive to the ordering of variables, however it has the property, that it needs just one recursive call.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import ll_red_nf_noredsb_single_recursive_call
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: p = a*b + c + d + 1
sage: f,g = a + c + 1, b + d + 1;
sage: reductors = f.set().union( g.set() )
sage: ll_red_nf_noredsb_single_recursive_call(p, reductors)
b*c + b*d + c + d + 1
Redude the polynomial p by the set of reductors with linear leading terms. It is assumed that the set reductors is a reduced Groebner basis.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import ll_red_nf_redsb
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: p = a*b + c + d + 1
sage: f,g = a + c + 1, b + d + 1;
sage: reductors = f.set().union( g.set() )
sage: ll_red_nf_redsb(p, reductors)
b*c + b*d + c + d + 1
Map every variable x_i in this polynomial to x_i + 1.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: f = a*b + z + 1; f
a*b + z + 1
sage: from polybori import map_every_x_to_x_plus_one
sage: map_every_x_to_x_plus_one(f)
a*b + a + b + z + 1
sage: f(a+1,b+1,z+1)
a*b + a + b + z + 1
Return a random set of monomials with length elements with each element in the variables variables.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import random_set, set_random_seed
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: (a*b*c*d).lm()
a*b*c*d
sage: set_random_seed(1337)
sage: random_set((a*b*c*d).lm(),10)
{{a,b,c,d}, {a,b}, {a,c,d}, {a,c}, {b,c,d}, {b,d}, {b}, {c,d}, {c}, {d}}
Perform tail reduction on p using the generators of s.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import *
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: red = ReductionStrategy(B)
sage: red.add_generator(x + y + 1)
sage: red.add_generator(y*z + z)
sage: red_tail(red,x)
x
sage: red_tail(red,x*y + x)
x*y + y + 1
The the PolyBoRi random seed to seed
EXAMPLE:
sage: from polybori import random_set, set_random_seed
sage: B.<a,b,c,d,e> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: (a*b*c*d).lm()
a*b*c*d
sage: set_random_seed(1337)
sage: random_set((a*b*c*d).lm(),2)
{{b}, {c}}
sage: random_set((a*b*c*d).lm(),2)
{{a,c,d}, {c}}
sage: set_random_seed(1337)
sage: random_set((a*b*c*d).lm(),2)
{{b}, {c}}
sage: random_set((a*b*c*d).lm(),2)
{{a,c,d}, {c}}
var(i) is replaced by vec[i] in poly.
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: f = a*b + c + 1
sage: from polybori import substitute_variables
sage: substitute_variables(B, [a,b,c],f)
a*b + c + 1
sage: substitute_variables(B, [a+1,b,c],f)
a*b + b + c + 1
sage: substitute_variables(B, [a+1,b+1,c],f)
a*b + a + b + c
sage: substitute_variables(B, [a+1,b+1,B(0)],f)
a*b + a + b
Substitution is also allowed with different rings:
sage: B.<a,b,c> = BooleanPolynomialRing()
sage: f = a*b + c + 1
sage: B.<w,x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(order='deglex')
sage: from polybori import substitute_variables
sage: substitute_variables(B, [x,y,z], f) * w
w*x*y + w*z + w
Return the highest index in the parameter s.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<x,y,z> = BooleanPolynomialRing(3)
sage: from polybori import top_index
sage: top_index(x.lm())
0
sage: top_index(y*z)
1
sage: top_index(x + 1)
0
Unpickle boolean polynomials
EXAMPLE:
sage: T = TermOrder('deglex',2)+TermOrder('deglex',2)
sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4,order=T)
sage: loads(dumps(a+b)) == a+b # indirect doctest
True
Unpickle boolean polynomials
EXAMPLE:
sage: T = TermOrder('deglex',2)+TermOrder('deglex',2)
sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4,order=T)
sage: loads(dumps(a+b)) == a+b # indirect doctest
True
Unpickle boolean polynomial rings.
EXAMPLE:
sage: T = TermOrder('deglex',2)+TermOrder('deglex',2)
sage: P.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4,order=T)
sage: loads(dumps(P)) == P # indirect doctest
True
Return a BooleSet encoding on which points from s the polynomial pol evaluates to zero.
INPUT:
EXAMPLE:
sage: B.<a,b,c,d> = BooleanPolynomialRing(4)
sage: f = a*b + a*c + d + b
Now we create a set of points:
sage: s = a*b + a*b*c + c*d + b*c
sage: s = s.set(); s
{{a,b,c}, {a,b}, {b,c}, {c,d}}
This encodes the points (1,1,1,0), (1,1,0,0), (0,0,1,1) and (0,1,1,0). But of these only (1,1,0,0) evaluates to zero.:
sage: from polybori import zeros
sage: zeros(f,s)
{{a,b}}
For comparison we work with tuples:
sage: f.zeros_in([(1,1,1,0), (1,1,0,0), (0,0,1,1), (0,1,1,0)])
((1, 1, 0, 0),)