Bases: sage.structure.unique_representation.UniqueRepresentation, sage.structure.sage_object.SageObject
A class for root systems.
EXAMPLES:
We construct the root system for type :
sage: R=RootSystem(['B',3]); R
Root system of type ['B', 3]
R models the root system abstractly. It comes equipped with various realizations of the root and weight lattices, where all computations take place. Let us play first with the root lattice:
sage: space = R.root_lattice()
sage: space
Root lattice of the Root system of type ['B', 3]
This is the free -module
spanned
by the simple roots:
sage: space.base_ring()
Integer Ring
sage: list(space.basis())
[alpha[1], alpha[2], alpha[3]]
Let us do some computations with the simple roots:
sage: alpha = space.simple_roots()
sage: alpha[1] + alpha[2]
alpha[1] + alpha[2]
There is a canonical pairing between the root lattice and the coroot lattice:
sage: R.coroot_lattice()
Coroot lattice of the Root system of type ['B', 3]
We construct the simple coroots, and do some computations (see comments about duality below for some caveat):
sage: alphacheck = space.simple_coroots()
sage: list(alphacheck)
[alphacheck[1], alphacheck[2], alphacheck[3]]
We can carry over the same computations in any of the other
realizations of the root lattice, like the root space
, the weight lattice
, the weight
space
. For example:
sage: space = R.weight_space()
sage: space
Weight space over the Rational Field of the Root system of type ['B', 3]
sage: space.base_ring()
Rational Field
sage: list(space.basis())
[Lambda[1], Lambda[2], Lambda[3]]
sage: alpha = space.simple_roots()
sage: alpha[1] + alpha[2]
Lambda[1] + Lambda[2] - 2*Lambda[3]
The fundamental weights are the dual basis of the coroots:
sage: Lambda = space.fundamental_weights()
sage: Lambda[1]
Lambda[1]
sage: alphacheck = space.simple_coroots()
sage: list(alphacheck)
[alphacheck[1], alphacheck[2], alphacheck[3]]
sage: [Lambda[i].scalar(alphacheck[1]) for i in space.index_set()]
[1, 0, 0]
sage: [Lambda[i].scalar(alphacheck[2]) for i in space.index_set()]
[0, 1, 0]
sage: [Lambda[i].scalar(alphacheck[3]) for i in space.index_set()]
[0, 0, 1]
Let us use the simple reflections. In the weight space, they
work as in the number game: firing the node on an
element
adds
times the simple root
, where
is the coefficient of
in
:
sage: s = space.simple_reflections()
sage: Lambda[1].simple_reflection(1)
-Lambda[1] + Lambda[2]
sage: Lambda[2].simple_reflection(1)
Lambda[2]
sage: Lambda[3].simple_reflection(1)
Lambda[3]
sage: (-2*Lambda[1] + Lambda[2] + Lambda[3]).simple_reflection(1)
2*Lambda[1] - Lambda[2] + Lambda[3]
It can be convenient to manipulate the simple reflections themselves:
sage: s = space.simple_reflections()
sage: s[1](Lambda[1])
-Lambda[1] + Lambda[2]
sage: s[1](Lambda[2])
Lambda[2]
sage: s[1](Lambda[3])
Lambda[3]
Ambient spaces
The root system may also come equipped with an ambient space.
This is a -module, endowed with its canonical Euclidean
scalar product, which admits simultaneous embeddings of the
(extended) weight and the (extended) coweight lattice, and
therefore the root and the coroot lattice. This is implemented on
a type by type basis for the finite crystallographic root systems
following Bourbaki’s conventions and is extended to the affine
cases. Coefficients permitting, this is also available as an
ambient lattice.
See also
ambient_space() and ambient_lattice() for details
In finite type , we recover the natural representation of the
symmetric group as group of permutation matrices:
sage: RootSystem(["A",2]).ambient_space().weyl_group().simple_reflections()
Finite family {1: [0 1 0]
[1 0 0]
[0 0 1],
2: [1 0 0]
[0 0 1]
[0 1 0]}
In type ,
, and
, we recover the natural representation
of the Weyl group as groups of signed permutation matrices:
sage: RootSystem(["B",3]).ambient_space().weyl_group().simple_reflections()
Finite family {1: [0 1 0]
[1 0 0]
[0 0 1],
2: [1 0 0]
[0 0 1]
[0 1 0],
3: [ 1 0 0]
[ 0 1 0]
[ 0 0 -1]}
In (untwisted) affine types , ...,
, one can recover from
the ambient space the affine permutation representation, in window
notation. Let us consider the ambient space for affine type
:
sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).ambient_space(); L
Ambient space of the Root system of type ['A', 2, 1]
Define the “identity” by an appropriate vector at level :
sage: e = L.basis(); Lambda = L.fundamental_weights()
sage: id = e[0] + 2*e[1] + 3*e[2] - 3*Lambda[0]
The corresponding permutation is obtained by projecting it onto the classical ambient space:
sage: L.classical()
Ambient space of the Root system of type ['A', 2]
sage: L.classical()(id)
(1, 2, 3)
Here is the orbit of the identity under the action of the finite group:
sage: W = L.weyl_group()
sage: S3 = [ w.action(id) for w in W.classical() ]
sage: [L.classical()(x) for x in S3]
[(3, 2, 1), (3, 1, 2), (2, 3, 1), (2, 1, 3), (1, 3, 2), (1, 2, 3)]
And the action of on these yields:
sage: s = W.simple_reflections()
sage: [L.classical()(s[0].action(x)) for x in S3]
[(-2, 2, 6), (-1, 1, 6), (-2, 3, 5), (0, 1, 5), (-1, 3, 4), (0, 2, 4)]
We can also plot various components of the ambient spaces:
sage: L = RootSystem(['A',2]).ambient_space()
sage: L.plot()
For more on plotting, see Tutorial: visualizing root systems.
Dual root systems
The root system is aware of its dual root system:
sage: R.dual
Dual of root system of type ['B', 3]
R.dual is really the root system of type :
sage: R.dual.cartan_type()
['C', 3]
And the coroot lattice that we have been manipulating before is really implemented as the root lattice of the dual root system:
sage: R.dual.root_lattice()
Coroot lattice of the Root system of type ['B', 3]
In particular, the coroots for the root lattice are in fact the roots of the coroot lattice:
sage: list(R.root_lattice().simple_coroots())
[alphacheck[1], alphacheck[2], alphacheck[3]]
sage: list(R.coroot_lattice().simple_roots())
[alphacheck[1], alphacheck[2], alphacheck[3]]
sage: list(R.dual.root_lattice().simple_roots())
[alphacheck[1], alphacheck[2], alphacheck[3]]
The coweight lattice and space are defined similarly. Note that, to limit confusion, all the output have been tweaked appropriately.
See also
TESTS:
sage: R = RootSystem(['C',3])
sage: TestSuite(R).run()
sage: L = R.ambient_space()
sage: s = L.simple_reflections() # this used to break the testsuite below due to caching an unpicklable method
sage: s = L.simple_projections() # todo: not implemented
sage: TestSuite(L).run()
sage: L = R.root_space()
sage: s = L.simple_reflections()
sage: TestSuite(L).run()
sage: for T in CartanType.samples(crystallographic=True): # long time (13s on sage.math, 2012)
... TestSuite(RootSystem(T)).run()
Return the ambient lattice for this root_system.
This is the ambient space, over .
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',4]).ambient_lattice()
Ambient lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 4]
sage: RootSystem(['A',4,1]).ambient_lattice()
Ambient lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 4, 1]
Except in type A, only an ambient space can be realized:
sage: RootSystem(['B',4]).ambient_lattice()
sage: RootSystem(['C',4]).ambient_lattice()
sage: RootSystem(['D',4]).ambient_lattice()
sage: RootSystem(['E',6]).ambient_lattice()
sage: RootSystem(['F',4]).ambient_lattice()
sage: RootSystem(['G',2]).ambient_lattice()
Return the usual ambient space for this root_system.
INPUT:
This is a base_ring-module, endowed with its canonical Euclidean scalar product, which admits simultaneous embeddings into the weight and the coweight lattice, and therefore the root and the coroot lattice, and preserves scalar products between elements of the coroot lattice and elements of the root or weight lattice (and dually).
There is no mechanical way to define the ambient space just from the Cartan matrix. Instead is is constructed from hard coded type by type data, according to the usual Bourbaki conventions. Such data is provided for all the finite (crystallographic) types. From this data, ambient spaces can be built as well for dual types, reducible types and affine types. When no data is available, or if the base ring is not large enough, None is returned.
Warning
for affine types
See also
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',4]).ambient_space()
Ambient space of the Root system of type ['A', 4]
sage: RootSystem(['B',4]).ambient_space()
Ambient space of the Root system of type ['B', 4]
sage: RootSystem(['C',4]).ambient_space()
Ambient space of the Root system of type ['C', 4]
sage: RootSystem(['D',4]).ambient_space()
Ambient space of the Root system of type ['D', 4]
sage: RootSystem(['E',6]).ambient_space()
Ambient space of the Root system of type ['E', 6]
sage: RootSystem(['F',4]).ambient_space()
Ambient space of the Root system of type ['F', 4]
sage: RootSystem(['G',2]).ambient_space()
Ambient space of the Root system of type ['G', 2]
An alternative base ring can be provided as an option:
sage: e = RootSystem(['B',3]).ambient_space(RR)
sage: TestSuite(e).run()
It should contain the smallest ring over which the ambient
space can be defined ( in type
or
otherwise).
Otherwise None is returned:
sage: RootSystem(['B',2]).ambient_space(ZZ)
The base ring should also be totally ordered. In practice,
only and
are really supported at this point, but
you are welcome to experiment:
sage: e = RootSystem(['G',2]).ambient_space(RR)
sage: TestSuite(e).run()
Failure in _test_root_lattice_realization:
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: 2.00000000000000 != 2.00000000000000
------------------------------------------------------------
The following tests failed: _test_root_lattice_realization
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).cartan_matrix()
[ 2 -1 0]
[-1 2 -1]
[ 0 -1 2]
Returns the Cartan type of the root system.
EXAMPLES:
sage: R = RootSystem(['A',3])
sage: R.cartan_type()
['A', 3]
Return the coambient space for this root system.
This is the ambient space of the dual root system.
See also
EXAMPLES:
sage: L = RootSystem(["B",2]).ambient_space(); L
Ambient space of the Root system of type ['B', 2]
sage: coL = RootSystem(["B",2]).coambient_space(); coL
Coambient space of the Root system of type ['B', 2]
The roots and coroots are interchanged:
sage: coL.simple_roots()
Finite family {1: (1, -1), 2: (0, 2)}
sage: L.simple_coroots()
Finite family {1: (1, -1), 2: (0, 2)}
sage: coL.simple_coroots()
Finite family {1: (1, -1), 2: (0, 1)}
sage: L.simple_roots()
Finite family {1: (1, -1), 2: (0, 1)}
Returns the coroot lattice associated to self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).coroot_lattice()
Coroot lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 3]
Returns the coroot space associated to self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).coroot_space()
Coroot space over the Rational Field of the Root system of type ['A', 3]
Returns the coweight lattice associated to self.
This is the weight lattice of the dual root system.
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).coweight_lattice()
Coweight lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 3]
sage: RootSystem(['A',3,1]).coweight_lattice(extended = True)
Extended coweight lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 3, 1]
Returns the coweight space associated to self.
This is the weight space of the dual root system.
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).coweight_space()
Coweight space over the Rational Field of the Root system of type ['A', 3]
sage: RootSystem(['A',3,1]).coweight_space(extended=True)
Extended coweight space over the Rational Field of the Root system of type ['A', 3, 1]
Returns the Dynkin diagram of the root system.
EXAMPLES:
sage: R = RootSystem(['A',3])
sage: R.dynkin_diagram()
O---O---O
1 2 3
A3
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).index_set()
(1, 2, 3)
Returns True if self is a finite root system.
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(["A",3]).is_finite()
True
sage: RootSystem(["A",3,1]).is_finite()
False
Returns True if self is an irreducible root system.
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A', 3]).is_irreducible()
True
sage: RootSystem("A2xB2").is_irreducible()
False
Returns the root lattice associated to self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).root_lattice()
Root lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 3]
Returns the (restricted) root poset associated to self.
The elements are given by the positive roots (resp. non-simple, positive roots), and
iff
is a non-negative linear combination of simple roots.
INPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: Phi = RootSystem(['A',2]).root_poset(); Phi
Finite poset containing 3 elements
sage: Phi.cover_relations()
[[alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2]], [alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2]]]
sage: Phi = RootSystem(['A',3]).root_poset(restricted=True); Phi
Finite poset containing 3 elements
sage: Phi.cover_relations()
[[alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3]], [alpha[2] + alpha[3], alpha[1] + alpha[2] + alpha[3]]]
sage: Phi = RootSystem(['B',2]).root_poset(); Phi
Finite poset containing 4 elements
sage: Phi.cover_relations()
[[alpha[1], alpha[1] + alpha[2]], [alpha[2], alpha[1] + alpha[2]], [alpha[1] + alpha[2], alpha[1] + 2*alpha[2]]]
Returns the root space associated to self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).root_space()
Root space over the Rational Field of the Root system of type ['A', 3]
Returns the weight lattice associated to self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).weight_lattice()
Weight lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 3]
sage: RootSystem(['A',3,1]).weight_space(extended = True)
Extended weight space over the Rational Field of the Root system of type ['A', 3, 1]
Returns the weight space associated to self.
EXAMPLES:
sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).weight_space()
Weight space over the Rational Field of the Root system of type ['A', 3]
sage: RootSystem(['A',3,1]).weight_space(extended = True)
Extended weight space over the Rational Field of the Root system of type ['A', 3, 1]
The Weyl Dimension Formula.
INPUT:
The length of the list must equal the rank type[1]. A dominant weight hwv is constructed by summing the fundamental weights with coefficients from this list. The dimension of the irreducible representation of the semisimple complex Lie algebra with highest weight vector hwv is returned.
EXAMPLES:
For , the Cartan type is
, so:
sage: WeylDim(['B',3],[1,0,0]) # standard representation of SO(7)
7
sage: WeylDim(['B',3],[0,1,0]) # exterior square
21
sage: WeylDim(['B',3],[0,0,1]) # spin representation of spin(7)
8
sage: WeylDim(['B',3],[1,0,1]) # sum of the first and third fundamental weights
48
sage: [WeylDim(['F',4],x) for x in [1,0,0,0],[0,1,0,0],[0,0,1,0],[0,0,0,1]]
[52, 1274, 273, 26]
sage: [WeylDim(['E', 6], x) for x in [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2], [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1], [2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]
[1, 78, 27, 351, 351, 351, 27, 650, 351]