You can construct the following permutation groups:
– DihedralGroup, of order
– GeneralDihedralGroup, , where G is an abelian group
– CyclicPermutationGroup, of order
– DiCyclicGroup, nonabelian groups of order with a unique element of order 2
– TransitiveGroups(d), TransitiveGroups(), set of all of the above
– PrimitiveGroups(d), PrimitiveGroups(), set of all of the above
– MathieuGroup(degree), Mathieu group of degree 9, 10, 11, 12, 21, 22, 23, or 24.
– KleinFourGroup, subgroup of of order
which is not
– QuaternionGroup, non-abelian group of order ,
– SplitMetacyclicGroup, nonabelian groups of order with cyclic
subgroups of index p
– SemidihedralGroup, nonabelian 2-groups with cyclic subgroups of index 2
– SuzukiGroup(q), Suzuki group over GF(q), .
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_symalt
The alternating group of order , as a permutation group.
INPUT:
n – a positive integer, or list or tuple thereof
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.Alternating().
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = AlternatingGroup(6)
sage: G.order()
360
sage: G
Alternating group of order 6!/2 as a permutation group
sage: G.category()
Category of finite permutation groups
sage: TestSuite(G).run()
sage: G = AlternatingGroup([1,2,4,5])
sage: G
Alternating group of order 4!/2 as a permutation group
sage: G.domain()
{1, 2, 4, 5}
sage: G.category()
Category of finite permutation groups
sage: TestSuite(G).run()
TESTS:
sage: groups.permutation.Alternating(6)
Alternating group of order 6!/2 as a permutation group
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
A cyclic group of order n, as a permutation group.
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.Cyclic().
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = CyclicPermutationGroup(8)
sage: G.order()
8
sage: G
Cyclic group of order 8 as a permutation group
sage: G.category()
Category of finite permutation groups
sage: TestSuite(G).run()
sage: C = CyclicPermutationGroup(10)
sage: C.is_abelian()
True
sage: C = CyclicPermutationGroup(10)
sage: C.as_AbelianGroup()
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C2 x C5
TESTS:
sage: groups.permutation.Cyclic(6)
Cyclic group of order 6 as a permutation group
Returns the corresponding Abelian Group instance.
EXAMPLES:
sage: C = CyclicPermutationGroup(8)
sage: C.as_AbelianGroup()
Multiplicative Abelian group isomorphic to C8
Return True if this group is abelian.
EXAMPLES:
sage: C = CyclicPermutationGroup(8)
sage: C.is_abelian()
True
Return True if this group is commutative.
EXAMPLES:
sage: C = CyclicPermutationGroup(8)
sage: C.is_commutative()
True
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
The dicyclic group of order , for
.
OUTPUT:
This is a nonabelian group similar in some respects to the dihedral group of the same order, but with far fewer elements of order 2 (it has just one). The permutation representation constructed here is based on the presentation
For this is the group of quaternions
(
), which is the nonabelian
group of order 8 that is not the dihedral group
,
the symmetries of a square. For
this is the nonabelian
group of order 12 that is not the dihedral group
nor the alternating group
. This group of order 12 is
also the semi-direct product of of
by
,
. [CONRAD2009]
When the order of the group is a power of 2 it is known as a “generalized quaternion group.”
IMPLEMENTATION:
The presentation above means every element can be written as
with
,
. We code
as the symbol
and code
as the symbol
. The two generators
are then represented using a left regular representation.
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.DiCyclic().
EXAMPLES:
A dicyclic group of order 384, with a large power of 2 as a divisor:
sage: n = 3*2^5
sage: G = DiCyclicGroup(n)
sage: G.order()
384
sage: a = G.gen(0)
sage: x = G.gen(1)
sage: a^(2*n)
()
sage: a^n==x^2
True
sage: x^-1*a*x==a^-1
True
A large generalized quaternion group (order is a power of 2):
sage: n = 2^10
sage: G=DiCyclicGroup(n)
sage: G.order()
4096
sage: a = G.gen(0)
sage: x = G.gen(1)
sage: a^(2*n)
()
sage: a^n==x^2
True
sage: x^-1*a*x==a^-1
True
Just like the dihedral group, the dicyclic group has an element whose order is half the order of the group. Unlike the dihedral group, the dicyclic group has only one element of order 2. Like the dihedral groups of even order, the center of the dicyclic group is a subgroup of order 2 (thus has the unique element of order 2 as its non-identity element).
sage: G=DiCyclicGroup(3*5*4)
sage: G.order()
240
sage: two = [g for g in G if g.order()==2]; two
[(1,5)(2,6)(3,7)(4,8)(9,13)(10,14)(11,15)(12,16)]
sage: G.center().order()
2
For small orders, we check this is really a group we do not have in Sage otherwise.
sage: G = DiCyclicGroup(2)
sage: H = DihedralGroup(4)
sage: G.is_isomorphic(H)
False
sage: G = DiCyclicGroup(3)
sage: H = DihedralGroup(6)
sage: K = AlternatingGroup(6)
sage: G.is_isomorphic(H) or G.is_isomorphic(K)
False
TESTS:
sage: groups.permutation.DiCyclic(6)
Diyclic group of order 24 as a permutation group
REFERENCES:
[CONRAD2009] Groups of order 12. Keith Conrad, accessed 21 October 2009.
Return True if this group is abelian.
EXAMPLES:
sage: D = DiCyclicGroup(12)
sage: D.is_abelian()
False
Return True if this group is commutative.
EXAMPLES:
sage: D = DiCyclicGroup(12)
sage: D.is_commutative()
False
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
The Dihedral group of order for any integer
.
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.Dihedral().
EXAMPLES:
sage: DihedralGroup(1)
Dihedral group of order 2 as a permutation group
sage: DihedralGroup(2)
Dihedral group of order 4 as a permutation group
sage: DihedralGroup(2).gens()
[(3,4), (1,2)]
sage: DihedralGroup(5).gens()
[(1,2,3,4,5), (1,5)(2,4)]
sage: list(DihedralGroup(5))
[(), (2,5)(3,4), (1,2)(3,5), (1,2,3,4,5), (1,3)(4,5), (1,3,5,2,4), (1,4)(2,3), (1,4,2,5,3), (1,5,4,3,2), (1,5)(2,4)]
sage: G = DihedralGroup(6)
sage: G.order()
12
sage: G = DihedralGroup(5)
sage: G.order()
10
sage: G
Dihedral group of order 10 as a permutation group
sage: G.gens()
[(1,2,3,4,5), (1,5)(2,4)]
sage: DihedralGroup(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: n must be positive
TESTS:
sage: TestSuite(G).run()
sage: G.category()
Category of finite permutation groups
sage: TestSuite(G).run()
sage: groups.permutation.Dihedral(6)
Dihedral group of order 12 as a permutation group
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup.PermutationGroup_generic
The Generalized Dihedral Group generated by the abelian group with direct factors in the input list.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
For a given abelian group (noting that each finite abelian group
can be represented as the direct product of cyclic groups), the
General Dihedral Group it generates is simply the semi-direct
product of the given group with , where the nonidentity
element of
acts on the abelian group by turning each element
into its inverse. In this implementation, each input abelian group
will be standardized so as to act on a minimal amount of letters.
This will be done by breaking the direct factors into products of
p-groups, before this new set of factors is ordered from smallest
to largest for complete standardization. Note that the generalized
dihedral group corresponding to a cyclic group,
, is simply
the dihedral group
.
EXAMPLES:
As is noted in [1], has the presentation
Note also the fact, verified by [1], that the dihedralization of
is the only nonabelian group of order 18
with no element of order 6.
sage: G = GeneralDihedralGroup([3,3])
sage: G
Generalized dihedral group generated by C3 x C3
sage: G.order()
18
sage: G.gens()
[(4,5,6), (2,3)(5,6), (1,2,3)]
sage: a = G.gens()[2]; b = G.gens()[0]; c = G.gens()[1]
sage: a.order() == 3, b.order() == 3, c.order() == 2
(True, True, True)
sage: a*b == b*a, a*c == c*a.inverse(), b*c == c*b.inverse()
(True, True, True)
sage: G.subgroup([a,b,c]) == G
True
sage: G.is_abelian()
False
sage: all([x.order() != 6 for x in G])
True
If all of the direct factors are , then the action turning
each element into its inverse is trivial, and the semi-direct
product becomes a direct product.
sage: G = GeneralDihedralGroup([2,2,2])
sage: G.order()
16
sage: G.gens()
[(7,8), (5,6), (3,4), (1,2)]
sage: G.is_abelian()
True
sage: H = KleinFourGroup()
sage: G.is_isomorphic(H.direct_product(H)[0])
True
If two nonidentical input lists generate isomorphic abelian
groups, then they will generate identical groups (with each direct
factor broken up into its prime factors), but they will still have
distinct descriptions. Note that If , then
, while the general dihedral groups
generated by isomorphic abelian groups should be themselves
isomorphic.
sage: G = GeneralDihedralGroup([6,34,46,14])
sage: H = GeneralDihedralGroup([7,17,3,46,2,2,2])
sage: G == H, G.gens() == H.gens()
(True, True)
sage: [x.order() for x in G.gens()]
[23, 17, 7, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2]
sage: G
Generalized dihedral group generated by C6 x C34 x C46 x C14
sage: H
Generalized dihedral group generated by C7 x C17 x C3 x C46 x C2 x C2 x C2
A cyclic input yields a Classical Dihedral Group.
sage: G = GeneralDihedralGroup([6])
sage: D = DihedralGroup(6)
sage: G.is_isomorphic(D)
True
A Generalized Dihedral Group will always have size twice the
underlying group, be solvable (as it has an abelian subgroup with
index 2), and, unless the underlying group is of the form
, be nonabelian (by the structure theorem of finite
abelian groups and the fact that a semi-direct product is a
direct product only when the underlying action is trivial).
sage: G = GeneralDihedralGroup([6,18,33,60])
sage: (6*18*33*60)*2
427680
sage: G.order()
427680
sage: G.is_solvable()
True
sage: G.is_abelian()
False
TESTS:
sage: G = GeneralDihedralGroup("foobar")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: factors of abelian group must be a list, not foobar
sage: GeneralDihedralGroup([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: there must be at least one direct factor in the abelian group being dihedralized
sage: GeneralDihedralGroup([3, 1.5])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: the input list must consist of Integers
sage: GeneralDihedralGroup([4, -8])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: all direct factors must be greater than 1
REFERENCES:
[1] | A.D. Thomas and G.V. Wood, Group Tables (Exeter: Shiva Publishing, 1980) |
AUTHOR:
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
The Klein 4 Group, which has order and exponent
, viewed
as a subgroup of
.
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.KleinFour().
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = KleinFourGroup(); G
The Klein 4 group of order 4, as a permutation group
sage: list(G)
[(), (3,4), (1,2), (1,2)(3,4)]
TESTS:
sage: G.category()
Category of finite permutation groups
sage: TestSuite(G).run()
sage: groups.permutation.KleinFour()
The Klein 4 group of order 4, as a permutation group
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
The Mathieu group of degree .
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.Mathieu().
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = MathieuGroup(12)
sage: G
Mathieu group of degree 12 and order 95040 as a permutation group
TESTS:
sage: G.category()
Category of finite permutation groups
sage: TestSuite(G).run(skip=["_test_enumerated_set_contains", "_test_enumerated_set_iter_list"])
sage: groups.permutation.Mathieu(9)
Mathieu group of degree 9 and order 72 as a permutation group
Note: this is a fairly big group, so we skip some tests that currently require to list all the elements of the group, because there is no proper iterator yet.
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_plg
The projective general linear groups over GF(q).
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.PGL().
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = PGL(2,3); G
Permutation Group with generators [(3,4), (1,2,4)]
sage: print G
The projective general linear group of degree 2 over Finite Field of size 3
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field of size 3
sage: G.order()
24
sage: G = PGL(2, 9, 'b'); G
Permutation Group with generators [(3,10,9,8,4,7,6,5), (1,2,4)(5,6,8)(7,9,10)]
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field in b of size 3^2
sage: G.category()
Category of finite permutation groups
sage: TestSuite(G).run()
TESTS:
sage: groups.permutation.PGL(2, 3)
Permutation Group with generators [(3,4), (1,2,4)]
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_pug
The projective general unitary groups over GF(q).
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.PGU().
EXAMPLES:
sage: PGU(2,3)
The projective general unitary group of degree 2 over Finite Field of size 3
sage: G = PGU(2, 8, name='alpha'); G
The projective general unitary group of degree 2 over Finite Field in alpha of size 2^3
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field in alpha of size 2^3
TESTS:
sage: groups.permutation.PGU(2, 3)
The projective general unitary group of degree 2 over Finite Field of size 3
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_plg
The projective special linear groups over GF(q).
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
the group PSL(n,q)
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.PSL().
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = PSL(2,3); G
Permutation Group with generators [(2,3,4), (1,2)(3,4)]
sage: G.order()
12
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field of size 3
sage: print G
The projective special linear group of degree 2 over Finite Field of size 3
We create two groups over nontrivial finite fields:
sage: G = PSL(2, 4, 'b'); G
Permutation Group with generators [(3,4,5), (1,2,3)]
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field in b of size 2^2
sage: G = PSL(2, 8); G
Permutation Group with generators [(3,8,6,4,9,7,5), (1,2,3)(4,7,5)(6,9,8)]
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field in a of size 2^3
sage: G.category()
Category of finite permutation groups
sage: TestSuite(G).run()
TESTS:
sage: groups.permutation.PSL(2, 3)
Permutation Group with generators [(2,3,4), (1,2)(3,4)]
Check that trac ticket #7424 is handled:
sage: PSL(2, GF(7,'x'))
Permutation Group with generators [(3,7,5)(4,8,6), (1,2,6)(3,4,8)]
sage: PSL(2, GF(3))
Permutation Group with generators [(2,3,4), (1,2)(3,4)]
sage: PSL(2, QQ)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: q must be a prime power or a finite field
Helps compute the decomposition of the ramification module
for the Hurwitz curves X (over CC say) with automorphism group
G = PSL(2,q), q a “Hurwitz prime” (ie, p is ).
Using this computation and Borne’s formula helps determine the
G-module structure of the RR spaces of equivariant
divisors can be determined explicitly.
The output is a list of integer multiplicities: [m1,...,mn], where n is the number of conj classes of G=PSL(2,p) and mi is the multiplicity of pi_i in the ramification module of a Hurwitz curve with automorphism group G. Here IrrRepns(G) = [pi_1,...,pi_n] (in the order listed in the output of self.character_table()).
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = PSL(2,13)
sage: G.ramification_module_decomposition_hurwitz_curve() #random
[0, 7, 7, 12, 12, 12, 13, 15, 14]
This means, for example, that the trivial representation does not occur in the ramification module of a Hurwitz curve with automorphism group PSL(2,13), since the trivial representation is listed first and that entry has multiplicity 0. The “randomness” is due to the fact that GAP randomly orders the conjugacy classes of the same order in the list of all conjugacy classes. Similarly, there is some randomness to the ordering of the characters.
If you try to use this function on a group PSL(2,q) where q is not a (smallish) “Hurwitz prime”, an error message will be printed.
Helps compute the decomposition of the ramification module for the modular curve X(p) (over CC say) with automorphism group G = PSL(2,q), q a prime > 5. Using this computation and Borne’s formula helps determine the G-module structure of the RR spaces of equivariant divisors can be determined explicitly.
The output is a list of integer multiplicities: [m1,...,mn], where n is the number of conj classes of G=PSL(2,p) and mi is the multiplicity of pi_i in the ramification module of a modular curve with automorphism group G. Here IrrRepns(G) = [pi_1,...,pi_n] (in the order listed in the output of self.character_table()).
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = PSL(2,7)
sage: G.ramification_module_decomposition_modular_curve() ## random
[0, 4, 3, 6, 7, 8]
This means, for example, that the trivial representation does not occur in the ramification module of X(7), since the trivial representation is listed first and that entry has multiplicity 0. The “randomness” is due to the fact that GAP randomly orders the conjugacy classes of the same order in the list of all conjugacy classes. Similarly, there is some randomness to the ordering of the characters.
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_pug
The projective special unitary groups over GF(q).
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.PSU().
EXAMPLES:
sage: PSU(2,3)
The projective special unitary group of degree 2 over Finite Field of size 3
sage: G = PSU(2, 8, name='alpha'); G
The projective special unitary group of degree 2 over Finite Field in alpha of size 2^3
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field in alpha of size 2^3
TESTS:
sage: groups.permutation.PSU(2, 3)
The projective special unitary group of degree 2 over Finite Field of size 3
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_plg
The projective symplectic linear groups over GF(q).
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.PSp().
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = PSp(2,3); G
Permutation Group with generators [(2,3,4), (1,2)(3,4)]
sage: G.order()
12
sage: G = PSp(4,3); G
Permutation Group with generators [(3,4)(6,7)(9,10)(12,13)(17,20)(18,21)(19,22)(23,32)(24,33)(25,34)(26,38)(27,39)(28,40)(29,35)(30,36)(31,37), (1,5,14,17,27,22,19,36,3)(2,6,32)(4,7,23,20,37,13,16,26,40)(8,24,29,30,39,10,33,11,34)(9,15,35)(12,25,38)(21,28,31)]
sage: G.order()
25920
sage: print G
The projective symplectic linear group of degree 4 over Finite Field of size 3
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field of size 3
sage: G = PSp(2, 8, name='alpha'); G
Permutation Group with generators [(3,8,6,4,9,7,5), (1,2,3)(4,7,5)(6,9,8)]
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field in alpha of size 2^3
TESTS:
sage: groups.permutation.PSp(2, 3)
Permutation Group with generators [(2,3,4), (1,2)(3,4)]
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
EXAMPLES:
We explicitly construct the alternating group on four elements:
sage: A4 = PermutationGroup([[(1,2,3)],[(2,3,4)]]); A4
Permutation Group with generators [(2,3,4), (1,2,3)]
sage: A4.__init__([[(1,2,3)],[(2,3,4)]]); A4
Permutation Group with generators [(2,3,4), (1,2,3)]
sage: A4.center()
Subgroup of (Permutation Group with generators [(2,3,4), (1,2,3)]) generated by [()]
sage: A4.category()
Category of finite permutation groups
sage: TestSuite(A4).run()
TESTS:
sage: TestSuite(PermutationGroup([[]])).run()
sage: TestSuite(PermutationGroup([])).run()
sage: TestSuite(PermutationGroup([(0,1)])).run()
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = PGL(2,3)
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field of size 3
sage: G = PSL(2,3)
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field of size 3
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = PSL(2,3)
sage: G.matrix_degree()
2
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_plg
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
EXAMPLES:
We explicitly construct the alternating group on four elements:
sage: A4 = PermutationGroup([[(1,2,3)],[(2,3,4)]]); A4
Permutation Group with generators [(2,3,4), (1,2,3)]
sage: A4.__init__([[(1,2,3)],[(2,3,4)]]); A4
Permutation Group with generators [(2,3,4), (1,2,3)]
sage: A4.center()
Subgroup of (Permutation Group with generators [(2,3,4), (1,2,3)]) generated by [()]
sage: A4.category()
Category of finite permutation groups
sage: TestSuite(A4).run()
TESTS:
sage: TestSuite(PermutationGroup([[]])).run()
sage: TestSuite(PermutationGroup([])).run()
sage: TestSuite(PermutationGroup([(0,1)])).run()
EXAMPLES:
sage: PSU(2,3).field_of_definition()
Finite Field in a of size 3^2
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
This is a class used to factor out some of the commonality in the SymmetricGroup and AlternatingGroup classes.
Deprecated: Use domain() instead. See trac ticket #10335 for details.
Bases: sage.structure.unique_representation.CachedRepresentation, sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup.PermutationGroup_generic
Todo
Fix the broken hash.
sage: G = SymmetricGroup(6)
sage: G3 = G.subgroup([G((1,2,3,4,5,6)),G((1,2))])
sage: hash(G) == hash(G3) # todo: Should be True!
False
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
The primitive group from the GAP tables of primitive groups.
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
The n-th primitive group of degree d.
EXAMPLES:
sage: PrimitiveGroup(0,1)
Trivial group
sage: PrimitiveGroup(1,1)
Trivial group
sage: G = PrimitiveGroup(5, 2); G # optional - database_gap
D(2*5)
sage: G.gens() # optional - database_gap
[(2,4)(3,5), (1,2,3,5,4)]
sage: G.category() # optional - database_gap
Category of finite permutation groups
Warning
this follows GAP’s naming convention of indexing the primitive groups starting from 1:
sage: PrimitiveGroup(5,0) # optional - database_gap
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Index n must be in {1,..,5}
Only primitive groups of “small” degree are available in GAP’s database:
sage: PrimitiveGroup(2500,1) # optional - database_gap
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: Only the primitive groups of degree less
than 2500 are available in GAP's database
Return the index of this group in the GAP database of primitive groups.
Requires “optional” database_gap package.
OUTPUT:
A positive integer, following GAP’s conventions.
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = PrimitiveGroup(5,2); G.group_primitive_id() # optional - database_gap
2
Return the set of all primitive groups of a given degree d
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
The set of all primitive groups of a given degree d up to isomorphisms using GAP. If d is not specified, it returns the set of all primitive groups up to isomorphisms stored in GAP.
Attention
PrimitiveGroups requires the optional GAP database package. Please install it with install_package(`database_gap').
EXAMPLES:
sage: PrimitiveGroups(3)
Primitive Groups of degree 3
sage: PrimitiveGroups(7)
Primitive Groups of degree 7
sage: PrimitiveGroups(8)
Primitive Groups of degree 8
sage: PrimitiveGroups()
Primitive Groups
The database currently only contains primitive groups up to degree 2499:
sage: PrimitiveGroups(2500).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: Only the primitive groups of degree less
than 2500 are available in GAP's database
TODO:
This enumeration helper could be extended based on PrimitiveGroupsIterator in GAP. This method allows to enumerate groups with specified properties such as transitivity, solvability, ..., without creating all groups.
Bases: sage.sets.disjoint_union_enumerated_sets.DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets
The infinite set of all primitive groups up to isomorphisms.
EXAMPLES:
sage: L = PrimitiveGroups(); L
Primitive Groups
sage: L.category()
Category of infinite enumerated sets
sage: L.cardinality()
+Infinity
sage: p = L.__iter__() # optional - database_gap
sage: (p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), # optional - database_gap
... p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next())
(Trivial group, Trivial group, S(2), A(3), S(3), A(4), S(4), C(5))
TESTS:
sage: TestSuite(PrimitiveGroups()).run() # optional - database_gap # long time
Bases: sage.structure.unique_representation.CachedRepresentation, sage.structure.parent.Parent
The set of all primitive groups of a given degree up to isomorphisms.
EXAMPLES:
sage: S = PrimitiveGroups(5); S # optional - database_gap
Primitive Groups of degree 5
sage: S.list() # optional - database_gap
[C(5), D(2*5), AGL(1, 5), A(5), S(5)]
sage: S.an_element() # optional - database_gap
C(5)
We write the cardinality of all primitive groups of degree 5:
sage: for G in PrimitiveGroups(5): # optional - database_gap
... print G.cardinality()
5
10
20
60
120
TESTS:
sage: TestSuite(PrimitiveGroups(3)).run() # optional - database_gap
Return the cardinality of self.
OUTPUT:
An integer. The number of primitive groups of a given degree up to isomorphism.
EXAMPLES:
sage: PrimitiveGroups(0).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
1
sage: PrimitiveGroups(2).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
1
sage: PrimitiveGroups(7).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
7
sage: PrimitiveGroups(12).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
6
sage: [PrimitiveGroups(i).cardinality() for i in range(11)] # optional - database_gap
[1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 5, 4, 7, 7, 11, 9]
The database_gap contains all primitive groups up to degree 2499:
sage: PrimitiveGroups(2500).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: Only the primitive groups of degree less than
2500 are available in GAP's database
TESTS:
sage: type(PrimitiveGroups(12).cardinality()) # optional - database_gap
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
sage: type(PrimitiveGroups(0).cardinality())
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.DiCyclicGroup
The quaternion group of order 8.
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.Quaternion().
EXAMPLES:
The quaternion group is one of two non-abelian groups of order 8,
the other being the dihedral group . One way to describe this
group is with three generators,
, so the whole group is
then given as the set
with relations
such as
,
and
.
The examples below illustrate how to use this group in a similar manner, by testing some of these relations. The representation used here is the left-regular representation.
sage: Q = QuaternionGroup()
sage: I = Q.gen(0)
sage: J = Q.gen(1)
sage: K = I*J
sage: [I,J,K]
[(1,2,3,4)(5,6,7,8), (1,5,3,7)(2,8,4,6), (1,8,3,6)(2,7,4,5)]
sage: neg_one = I^2; neg_one
(1,3)(2,4)(5,7)(6,8)
sage: J^2 == neg_one and K^2 == neg_one
True
sage: J*I == neg_one*K
True
sage: Q.center().order() == 2
True
sage: neg_one in Q.center()
True
TESTS:
sage: groups.permutation.Quaternion()
Quaternion group of order 8 as a permutation group
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
The semidihedral group of order .
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
The semidihedral group of order . These groups can be
thought of as a semidirect product of
with
, where the nontrivial element of
is sent to
the element of the automorphism group of
that
sends elements to their
th power. Thus, the
group has the presentation:
This family is notable because it is made up of non-abelian 2-groups that all contain cyclic subgroups of index 2. It is one of only four such families.
EXAMPLES:
In [GORENSTEIN1980] it is shown that the semidihedral groups
have center of order 2. It is also shown that they have a
Frattini subgroup equal to their commutator, which is a
cyclic subgroup of order .
sage: G = SemidihedralGroup(12)
sage: G.order() == 2^12
True
sage: G.commutator() == G.frattini_subgroup()
True
sage: G.commutator().order() == 2^10
True
sage: G.commutator().is_cyclic()
True
sage: G.center().order()
2
sage: G = SemidihedralGroup(4)
sage: len([H for H in G.subgroups() if H.is_cyclic() and H.order() == 8])
1
sage: G.gens()
[(2,4)(3,7)(6,8), (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8)]
sage: x = G.gens()[1]; y = G.gens()[0]
sage: x.order() == 2^3; y.order() == 2
True
True
sage: y*x*y == x^(-1+2^2)
True
TESTS:
sage: G = SemidihedralGroup(4.4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: m must be an integer, not 4.40000000000000
sage: G = SemidihedralGroup(-5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the exponent must be greater than 3, not -5
REFERENCES:
[GORENSTEIN1980] | Daniel Gorenstein, Finite Groups (New York: Chelsea Publishing, 1980) |
AUTHOR:
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
The split metacyclic group of order .
INPUT:
OUTPUT:
The split metacyclic group of order . This family of
groups has presentation
This family is notable because, for odd , these are the
only
-groups with a cyclic subgroup of index
, a
result proven in [GORENSTEIN]. It is also shown in
[GORENSTEIN] that this is one of four families containing
nonabelian 2-groups with a cyclic subgroup of index 2
(with the others being the dicyclic groups, the dihedral
groups, and the semidihedral groups).
EXAMPLES:
Using the last relation in the group’s presentation,
one can see that the elements of the form ,
all have order
, as it can be
shown that their
th powers are all
,
an element with order
. Manipulation of the same
relation shows that none of these elements are powers of
any other. Thus, there are
cyclic maximal subgroups in
each split metacyclic group. It is also proven in
[GORENSTEIN] that this family has commutator subgroup
of order
, and the Frattini subgroup is equal to the
center, with this group being cyclic of order
.
These characteristics are necessary to identify these
groups in the case that
, although the possession of
a cyclic maximal subgroup in a non-abelian
-group is
enough for odd
given the group’s order.
sage: G = SplitMetacyclicGroup(2,8)
sage: G.order() == 2**8
True
sage: G.is_abelian()
False
sage: len([H for H in G.subgroups() if H.order() == 2^7 and H.is_cyclic()])
2
sage: G.commutator().order()
2
sage: G.frattini_subgroup() == G.center()
True
sage: G.center().order() == 2^6
True
sage: G.center().is_cyclic()
True
sage: G = SplitMetacyclicGroup(3,3)
sage: len([H for H in G.subgroups() if H.order() == 3^2 and H.is_cyclic()])
3
sage: G.commutator().order()
3
sage: G.frattini_subgroup() == G.center()
True
sage: G.center().order()
3
TESTS:
sage: G = SplitMetacyclicGroup(3,2.5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: both p and m must be integers
sage: G = SplitMetacyclicGroup(4,3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: p must be prime, 4 is not prime
sage: G = SplitMetacyclicGroup(2,2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: if prime is 2, the exponent must be greater than 3, not 2
sage: G = SplitMetacyclicGroup(11,2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: if prime is odd, the exponent must be greater than 2, not 2
REFERENCES:
[GORENSTEIN] | (1, 2, 3) Daniel Gorenstein, Finite Groups (New York: Chelsea Publishing, 1980) |
AUTHOR:
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
The Suzuki group over GF(q),
.
A wrapper for the GAP function SuzukiGroup.
OUTPUT:
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.Suzuki().
EXAMPLES:
sage: SuzukiGroup(8)
Permutation Group with generators [(1,2)(3,10)(4,42)(5,18)(6,50)(7,26)(8,58)(9,34)(12,28)(13,45)(14,44)(15,23)(16,31)(17,21)(19,39)(20,38)(22,25)(24,61)(27,60)(29,65)(30,55)(32,33)(35,52)(36,49)(37,59)(40,54)(41,62)(43,53)(46,48)(47,56)(51,63)(57,64),
(1,28,10,44)(3,50,11,42)(4,43,53,64)(5,9,39,52)(6,36,63,13)(7,51,60,57)(8,33,37,16)(12,24,55,29)(14,30,48,47)(15,19,61,54)(17,59,22,62)(18,23,34,31)(20,38,49,25)(21,26,45,58)(27,32,41,65)(35,46,40,56)]
sage: print SuzukiGroup(8)
The Suzuki group over Finite Field in a of size 2^3
sage: G = SuzukiGroup(32, name='alpha')
sage: G.order()
32537600
sage: G.order().factor()
2^10 * 5^2 * 31 * 41
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field in alpha of size 2^5
TESTS:
sage: groups.permutation.Suzuki(8)
Permutation Group with generators [(1,2)(3,10)(4,42)(5,18)(6,50)(7,26)(8,58)(9,34)(12,28)(13,45)(14,44)(15,23)(16,31)(17,21)(19,39)(20,38)(22,25)(24,61)(27,60)(29,65)(30,55)(32,33)(35,52)(36,49)(37,59)(40,54)(41,62)(43,53)(46,48)(47,56)(51,63)(57,64),
(1,28,10,44)(3,50,11,42)(4,43,53,64)(5,9,39,52)(6,36,63,13)(7,51,60,57)(8,33,37,16)(12,24,55,29)(14,30,48,47)(15,19,61,54)(17,59,22,62)(18,23,34,31)(20,38,49,25)(21,26,45,58)(27,32,41,65)(35,46,40,56)]
REFERENCES:
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = SuzukiGroup(32, name='alpha')
sage: G.base_ring()
Finite Field in alpha of size 2^5
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_symalt
The full symmetric group of order , as a permutation group.
If n is a list or tuple of positive integers then it returns the
symmetric group of the associated set.
INPUT:
- n - a positive integer, or list or tuple thereof
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.Symmetric().
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = SymmetricGroup(8)
sage: G.order()
40320
sage: G
Symmetric group of order 8! as a permutation group
sage: G.degree()
8
sage: S8 = SymmetricGroup(8)
sage: G = SymmetricGroup([1,2,4,5])
sage: G
Symmetric group of order 4! as a permutation group
sage: G.domain()
{1, 2, 4, 5}
sage: G = SymmetricGroup(4)
sage: G
Symmetric group of order 4! as a permutation group
sage: G.domain()
{1, 2, 3, 4}
sage: G.category()
Join of Category of finite permutation groups and Category of finite weyl groups
sage: TestSuite(G).run()
TESTS:
sage: TestSuite(SymmetricGroup(0)).run()
sage: groups.permutation.Symmetric(4)
Symmetric group of order 4! as a permutation group
Indexing sets of descent of the symmetric group.
EXAMPLES:
sage: S8 = SymmetricGroup(8)
sage: S8.index_set()
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
sage: S = SymmetricGroup([3,1,4,5])
sage: S.index_set()
[3, 1, 4]
Returns the major index generating polynomial of self, which is a gadget counting the elements of self by major index.
INPUT:
EXAMPLES:
sage: S4 = SymmetricGroup(4)
sage: S4.major_index()
q^6 + 3*q^5 + 5*q^4 + 6*q^3 + 5*q^2 + 3*q + 1
sage: K.<t> = QQ[]
sage: S4.major_index(t)
t^6 + 3*t^5 + 5*t^4 + 6*t^3 + 5*t^2 + 3*t + 1
For in the index set of self, this returns the
elementary transposition
.
EXAMPLES:
sage: A = SymmetricGroup(5)
sage: A.simple_reflection(3)
(3,4)
sage: A = SymmetricGroup([2,3,7])
sage: A.simple_reflections()
Finite family {2: (2,3), 3: (3,7)}
Return the Young subgroup associated with the composition comp.
EXAMPLES:
sage: S = SymmetricGroup(8)
sage: c = Composition([2,2,2,2])
sage: S.young_subgroup(c)
Subgroup of (Symmetric group of order 8! as a permutation group) generated by [(7,8), (5,6), (3,4), (1,2)]
sage: S = SymmetricGroup(['a','b','c'])
sage: S.young_subgroup([2,1])
Subgroup of (Symmetric group of order 3! as a permutation group) generated by [('a','b')]
sage: Y = S.young_subgroup([2,2,2,2,2])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The composition is not of expected size
Bases: sage.groups.perm_gps.permgroup_named.PermutationGroup_unique
The transitive group from the GAP tables of transitive groups.
Note
This group is also available via groups.permutation.Transitive().
EXAMPLES:
sage: TransitiveGroup(0,1)
Transitive group number 1 of degree 0
sage: TransitiveGroup(1,1)
Transitive group number 1 of degree 1
sage: G = TransitiveGroup(5, 2); G # optional - database_gap
Transitive group number 2 of degree 5
sage: G.gens() # optional - database_gap
[(1,2,3,4,5), (1,4)(2,3)]
sage: G.category() # optional - database_gap
Category of finite permutation groups
Warning
this follows GAP’s naming convention of indexing the transitive groups starting from 1:
sage: TransitiveGroup(5,0) # optional - database_gap
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Index n must be in {1,..,5}
Warning
only transitive groups of “small” degree are available in GAP’s database:
sage: TransitiveGroup(31,1) # optional - database_gap
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: Only the transitive groups of order less than 30 are available in GAP's database
TESTS:
sage: groups.permutation.Transitive(1, 1)
Transitive group number 1 of degree 1
sage: TestSuite(TransitiveGroup(0,1)).run()
sage: TestSuite(TransitiveGroup(1,1)).run()
sage: TestSuite(TransitiveGroup(5,2)).run()# optional - database_gap
sage: TransitiveGroup(1,5) # optional - database_gap
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Index n must be in {1,..,1}
INPUT:
- d – an integer (optional)
Returns the set of all transitive groups of a given degree d up to isomorphisms. If d is not specified, it returns the set of all transitive groups up to isomorphisms.
Warning: TransitiveGroups requires the optional GAP database package. Please install it with sage -i database_gap.
EXAMPLES:
sage: TransitiveGroups(3)
Transitive Groups of degree 3
sage: TransitiveGroups(7)
Transitive Groups of degree 7
sage: TransitiveGroups(8)
Transitive Groups of degree 8
sage: TransitiveGroups()
Transitive Groups
Warning
in practice, the database currently only contains transitive groups up to degree 30:
sage: TransitiveGroups(31).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: Only the transitive groups of order less than 30 are available in GAP's database
Bases: sage.sets.disjoint_union_enumerated_sets.DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets
The infinite set of all transitive groups up to isomorphisms.
EXAMPLES:
sage: L = TransitiveGroups(); L
Transitive Groups
sage: L.category()
Category of infinite enumerated sets
sage: L.cardinality()
+Infinity
sage: p = L.__iter__() # optional - database_gap
sage: (p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next(), p.next()) # optional - database_gap
(Transitive group number 1 of degree 0, Transitive group number 1 of degree 1, Transitive group number 1 of degree 2, Transitive group number 1 of degree 3, Transitive group number 2 of degree 3, Transitive group number 1 of degree 4, Transitive group number 2 of degree 4, Transitive group number 3 of degree 4)
TESTS:
sage: TestSuite(TransitiveGroups()).run() # optional - database_gap # long time
Bases: sage.structure.unique_representation.CachedRepresentation, sage.structure.parent.Parent
The set of all transitive groups of a given (small) degree up to isomorphisms.
EXAMPLES:
sage: S = TransitiveGroups(4); S # optional - database_gap
Transitive Groups of degree 4
sage: list(S) # optional - database_gap
[Transitive group number 1 of degree 4, Transitive group number 2 of degree 4, Transitive group number 3 of degree 4, Transitive group number 4 of degree 4, Transitive group number 5 of degree 4]
sage: TransitiveGroups(5).an_element() # optional - database_gap
Transitive group number 1 of degree 5
We write the cardinality of all transitive groups of degree 5:
sage: for G in TransitiveGroups(5): # optional - database_gap
... print G.cardinality()
5
10
20
60
120
TESTS:
sage: TestSuite(TransitiveGroups(3)).run() # optional - database_gap
Returns the cardinality of self, that is the number of transitive groups of a given degree.
EXAMPLES:
sage: TransitiveGroups(0).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
1
sage: TransitiveGroups(2).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
1
sage: TransitiveGroups(7).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
7
sage: TransitiveGroups(12).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
301
sage: [TransitiveGroups(i).cardinality() for i in range(11)] # optional - database_gap
[1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 5, 16, 7, 50, 34, 45]
Warning
The database_gap contains all transitive groups up to degree 30:
sage: TransitiveGroups(31).cardinality() # optional - database_gap
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: Only the transitive groups of order less than 30 are available in GAP's database
TESTS:
sage: type(TransitiveGroups(12).cardinality()) # optional - database_gap
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>
sage: type(TransitiveGroups(0).cardinality())
<type 'sage.rings.integer.Integer'>